Process Improvement Essay

ABSTRACT This document will be evaluating an existing process within Toyota during the time of their accelerator crisis. A problem statement will be defined around the process of internal communication of concerns and ideas between foreign-based Toyota employees and the authoritative management of Toyota based in Japan. PROBLEM ANALYSIS OF SELECTED PROCESS Problem framing is a very important, but easily overlooked, part of decision-making. Framing a problem can have a heavy influence on the decisions that are made. It isn’t enough to frame the problem; it should be framed with the solution in mind. This helps to keep the end goal of the decision-making process in mind so that the correct choices are made. In the case of Toyota, at the highest level, they had a major problem with some of their products involving unintended acceleration and their handling of  customer reports of the problem led to a whole mess of other problems. So from the outside looking in, it seems that many processes internal to Toyota had room for improvement. Although there are many different business sections of Toyota with their own respective problems such as customer service, public relations, manufacturing, the problem I would like analyze and offer improvement on is internal communication process between management and foreign employees and how the breakdown in this process affected some of the business decisions made by Toyota’s upper management. â€Å"As Toyota grew into a global powerhouse in the auto industry, the organizational structure that emerged was a centralized design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ that put key decision-making in the hands of executives in Japan†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Some believed that Toyota’s structure in the U.S. ultimately impaired its ability to prevent the safety problems before they reached the crisis† (Greto, Schotter & Teagarden, 2010, pg. 7-8). A quality tool or method used to help with the identification and prioritization of the potential causes of quality problems in a process is cause-and-effect analysis. In a way, this is a reverse engineering method used to identify the elements of a specific quality problem and to identify the causes so that it can be corrected. The problem wasn’t the unintended acceleration of certain vehicles; the problem was the internal management decision-making that impacted the engineering of those vehicles which created the engineering problem. For some background information, the defining and founding philosophy of Toyota, the Toyota Way, has been around for a long time but it wasn’t until the late 1980s in which they began production of their vehicles in the U.S. Specifically the problem of ideas from U.S.-based employees has been largely ignored for almost 20 years when it comes to key engineering or financial-based decisions. â€Å"Despite the global sales volume gain, Toyota reported revenues of US $211 billion for 2009, a decrease of 19% for the previous year† (Greto, Schotter & Teagarden, 2010, pg. 2). Even though Toyota has been making large profits throughout the past 20 years, they experienced a decrease in 2009 and part of this was related to the ambitious initiatives and business decisions made by Toyota’s upper management. â€Å"Japan is notoriously consensus oriented, and companies have a strong tendency to mediate differences among individuals rather than accentuate them† (Porter, 1996, pg. 63). Japanese culture and Toyota’s centralized decision-making structure made it difficult for U.S. based employees to offer ideas, suggestions for improvements, or to elevate critical problems to upper management in Japan. Toyota’s upper management, in their minds, let the U.S. employees do what they do best, which is supposedly marketing and selling. The process used by Toyota to communicate foreign employees’ ideas to upper management was heard, but not listened to. Even the process of internal communication between management had its breakdowns because of the perception by family-oriented managers of nonfamily managers in that nonfamily members didn’t have such thoughts as safety and quality in the forefront of their minds. Overall, the communication process seemed to be that ideas were submitted from employees, whether by Japanese or foreign employees, to management and ideas were reviewed and pushed up the management chain when it was appropriate. However, ideas that might have some bearing on engineering, manufacturing or financing were largely ignored when the source of the ideas were from U.S.-based employees and this violated the Toyota Way. To add to the complexity, the process for communicating ideas became more convoluted depending on the audience, nonfamily or family-based managers. To sum this up into a problem statement: â€Å"Toyota has violated their founding philosophy of employee empowerment, especially for non-Japanese employees, and continues to make important business decisions without any regard to concerns or ideas from foreign employees when appropriate. Employees may have ideas that could be used in the decision-making process to achieve better quality solutions. Toyota needs a better mechanism or improvement to this internal communication process to capture the knowledge and ideas of all employees and to share these ideas across the organization. All in all, it’s to improve the internal communicat ion process between employees and management in order to support the idea of continuous improvement and quality.† CONTEXT OF SELECTED PROCESS FOR IMPROVEMENT â€Å"The _Toyota Way_ mandates planning for the long term; highlighting problems  instead of hiding them; encouraging team work with colleagues and suppliers; and, perhaps most importantly, instilling a self-critical culture that fosters continuous and unrelenting improvement† (Greto, Schotter & Teagarden, 2010, pg. 3). Two cores ideas from the statement above are the idea of team work and most importantly employee empowerment. These two values are what made Toyota into a successful global corporation during their fast rise in the 1980s. Employees were encouraged to offer ideas for improvement for any process within the organization and this helped with continuing the idea of continuous improvement. An important part of making business decisions is having real-time and critical information. The selected process for improvement: improving the communication of ideas and concerns and the sharing of foreign employees’ ideas to Toyota’s Japanese management team needs to be addressed immediately. The process selected for improvement is the process used to capture the ideas of all employees, U.S.-based included, and to have these ideas be properly represented and presented to management for review in real-time. â€Å"You know the joke that every bank branch has a president – well, every Toyota facility has a president, and one can’t tell another what to do† (Greto, Schotter & Teagarden, 2010, pg. 8). This statement touches the surface of why the internal management communication process needs improvement at Toyota. The way the process is currently being represented in Toyota’s organization is a complete violation of their founding philosophy. During the 2000s, Toyota pushed for a lot of initiatives that in hindsight were either short-term profit driven or too ambitious. For example, â€Å"despite the savings of more than US $10 billion over the six years since CC21’s inception, Watanabe set out to achieve even more cost savings through the new â€Å"VI† (Value Innovation) strategy† (Greto, Schotter & Teagarden, 2010, pg. 5). This was a business decision made to further drive up profits despite the respectable amount of savings already made financially. If the knowledge, ideas and concerns of employees were properly captured and communicated to management, it could have prevented some of the poor business decision-making made and the impact of these decisions on engineering and manufacturing. Two impacts of the poor decision-making was the decision to become leaner with the manufacturing process and  overstretching existing resources in trying to supplant GM as number on in the automobile industry. Toyota’s has employees in many different markets who most likely had concerns regarding these decisions or ideas on how to improve the ideas and _communicated_ these ideas but these ideas weren’t being heard in time or heard at all by management. To put this all into context, the process for communicating ideas and concerns internally is impacted by the culture and internal structure of Toyota. These are both tough things to change but the process used to capture and represent ideas to management is something easy to improve. IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROCESS If the current internal communication process continues as is, there will continue to be a breakdown in the communication of potentially important ideas and concerns from employees to management. If employees feel as if their input isn’t listened to or even heard, they will become apathetic or not even bother trying to communicate important ideas or concerns. As a result, this can lead to the cycle of poor business decisions being made resulting in more damage to the company. Even worse, this will continue to cause Toyota to stray away from the core values of the Toyota Way that made them a successful global corporation. Already what has happened as a result of the ignoring of ideas and making business decisions with only the goal of short-term profits in mind is that Toyota during the oil sludge crisis had to pay millions of dollars as a result of class action lawsuits and took a hit to their business image. Fast forward to the accelerator crisis, Toyota experienced losing $2 billion dollars during the recall, had to pay a $16.4 million dollar civil penalty under U.S. law, experienced a customer relations nightmare and even had some of their car models dropped from Consumer Reports. The dollar amount lost due to the alienation of customers, lack of accountability at first by Toyota, and corporate reputation and image hit is immeasurable. Implementing some mechanism to improve the communication process between  employees and management and even management can be improved with the use of something such as a knowledge management system. â€Å"Effective knowledge management tools can help firms reduce internal costs of maintaining electronic filing systems and reduce the administrative expense of locating documents. Second, just as efficiency can improve profitability, leverage can have the same effect where knowledge transfer enhances the quality of work performance, and therefore, its value. In this context, leverage is the ability to delegate work to the most cost-effective resource. The transfer of knowledge is, in fact, the essence of knowledge management† (Martin, 2002, pg. 1). Although it is a large internal expense, the benefits of a KM system would have a great effect on the general business results and business relationships of Toyota with its employees, management and even their supply chain. POTENTIAL OUTCOMES OF IMPROVING THE PROCESS Improving the current internal communication process of ideas and concern helps to improve employee relations between management and their reports. It helps to re-establish a culture of knowledge sharing and representing that captured knowledge in such a way that it can help to improve the business decision-making by upper management. Any important business decisions made by upper management have a direct impact on the shareholders. So any improvement in the process that results in better business decisions being made will have a direct positive impact for the shareholders. The current decision-making and straying away from the founding principles of the Toyota Way has damaged the company and continuing down this path will only make the future worse for Toyota. So having an internal mechanism to capture ideas and improve communication such as a KM system can only improve the situation. Employees would feel like their ideas are being heard and will continue to offer suggestions for continual improvement. An improvement in communication can help to break down the false perceptions that family-oriented managers have of nonfamily managers. For example, a family-based manager might come across an idea from an unexpected source, a nonfamily manager, and come to respect that person for their knowledge. In a  way, this could help to improve the Japanese culture way of making decisions internally. Toyota is almost in the top of their market, so they are their own worst enemy when it comes to being competitive. So an improvement in their internal decision-making around all important financial, engineering and manufacturing decisions will only help to sustain and further their current competitive edge. Sometimes an organization has to make a large internal expense in order to position themselves differently from their competitors. â€Å"Strategic positioning means performing _different_ activities from rivals’ or performing similar activities in _different_ ways† (Porter, 1996, pg. 62). So collecting ideas internally and using them to make better business decisions will help Toyota to strategically position themselves even further away from their competition. SUMMARY Overall, Toyota is its own worst enemy with the current decision-making process they have in place internally. Even though the centralized decision-making structure is what Toyota currently has in place, the decision-making needs to take into account employee input, whether foreign or not. Employee input has been a cornerstone of the Toyota Way and Toyota has strayed from this founding principle. The implications of continuing down this path will result in more crises which in turn results in loss business, damaged business reputation, lawsuits and losing the competitive edge. Improving this process will result in better employee relations; establish a knowledge sharing culture which is needed for an environment that is striving for continual improvement and better business decisions being made. REFERENCES Greto, M., Schotter, A., & Teagarden, M. (2010). Toyota: The accelerator crisis. Thunderbird School of Global Management. Martin, K. (2002). Features – â€Å"Show Me the Money† – Measuring the Return on Knowledge Management. LLRX. Retrieved from http://www.llrx.com/features/kmroi.htm Porter, M. E. (1996). What is strategy? _Harvard Business Review, 74_(6), 61-78. Russell, R.S., & Taylor, B.W. (2011). _Operations management: Creating value along the supply chain_ (7th ed.)_._ Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 9780470525906

Engine powered by liquid hydrogen

Wide Range of Flammability:In comparing with all other fuels, Hydrogen has a really broad scope of flammability. Hence, Hydrogen can be combusted in an internal burning engine over a broad scope of fuel-air mixtures. One of the important advantages of this is that Hydrogen fuel can run a really thin mixture. A thin mixture is one in which the sum of fuel is less than the theoretical, stoichiometric or chemically ideal sum needed for burning with a given sum of air. This is why it is reasonably easy to acquire an engine to get down on H. In general, fuel economic system is greater and the burning reaction is more complete when a vehicle is run on a thin mixture. Besides, the concluding burning temperature is lower hence cut downing the sum of pollutants, such as N oxides, emitted in the fumes. However, there is a bound to how thin the engine can be run, as thin operation can significantly cut down the power end product due to a decrease in the volumetric heating value of the air/fuel mixtureLow Ignition Energy:Ignition energy is the energy needed to light a fuel. Hydrogen has really low ignition energy. The sum of energy needed to light H is about one order of magnitude less than that required for gasolene. The feature of low Ignition energy enables hydrogen engines to light thin mixtures and besides ensures prompt ignition. Unfortunately, the low ignition energy besides carries the hazard that hot gases and hot musca volitanss on the cylinder can function as beginnings of ignition and hence making jobs such as premature ignition and flashback. Preventing the above mentioned jobs is one of the jobs associated with runing an engine on H. The broad flammability scope of H agencies that about any mixture can be ignited by a hot topographic point.Small Quenching Distance:Hydrogen has a little extinction distance, even smaller than that of gasolene. Hence, it ‘s more hard to slake a H fire than a gasolene fire. The inclination for blowback additions as a consequence of smaller extinction distance, since the fire from a hydrogen-air mixture more readily passes a about closed consumption valve, than a hydrocarbon-air fire.High Auto-Ignition Temperature:Hydrogen has a comparatively high auto-ignition temperature. This characteristic is of import because the hydrogen-air mixture has to be compressed and the refore plays an of import function in finding the compaction ratio that an engine can utilize, since the temperature rise during compaction is related to the compaction ratio. The temperature should non transcend the auto-ignition temperature, as this would do a premature ignition. Hence, the absolute concluding temperature controls the compaction ratio. The high car ignition temperature of H allows larger compaction ratios to be used in a H engine than in a hydrocarbon engine. On the other manus, H is hard to light in a compaction ignition or Diesel constellation, because the temperatures needed for those types of ignition are comparatively high.High Flame SpeedHydrogen has high fire velocity at stoichiometric ratios. Under these conditions, the H fire velocity is about an order of magnitude higher ( faster ) than that of gasolene. This means that H engines can more closely approach the thermodynamically ideal engine rhythm. At leaner mixtures, nevertheless, the fire speed decreases significantly.High DiffusivityHydrogen has really high diffusivity. This ability to scatter in air is well greater than gasolene and is advantageous for two chief grounds. Fir st, it facilitates the formation of a unvarying mixture of fuel and air. Second, if a H leak develops, the H disperses quickly. Therefore, insecure conditions can either be avoided or minimized.Low DensityHydrogen has really low denseness. This consequences in two jobs when used in an internal burning engine. First, a really big volume is necessary to hive away adequate H to give a vehicle an equal drive scope. Second, the energy denseness of a hydrogen-air mixture, and therefore the power end product, is reduced.Fuel Delivery SystemsHydrogen fuel bringing system can be broken down into three chief types:Cardinal injection ( or â€Å"carburetted† )Port injectionDirect injectionCentral and port fuel bringing systems injection forms the fuel-air mixture during the intake shot. In the instance of cardinal injection or a carburetor, the injection is at the recess of the air intake manifold. In the instance of port injection, it is injected at the recess port. Direct cylinder inje ction is more technologically sophisticated and involves organizing the fuel-air mixture inside the burning cylinder after the air consumption valve has closed.Cardinal Injection or Carburetted Systems:The simplest method of presenting fuel to a H engine is by manner of a carburetor or cardinal injection system. This system has advantages for a H engine. First, cardinal injection does non necessitate the H supply force per unit area to be every bit high as for other methods. Second, cardinal injection or carburetors are used on gasolene engines, doing it easy to change over a standard gasolene engine to hydrogen or a gasoline/hydrogen engine. The disadvantage of cardinal injection is that it is more susceptible to irregular burning due to pre-ignition and back fire. The greater sum of hydrogen/air mixture within the consumption manifold compounds the effects of pre-ignition.Port Injection SystemsThe port injection fuel bringing system injects fuel straight into the consumption manifold at each consumption port, instead than pulling fuel in at a cardinal point. Typically, the H is injected into the manifold after the beginning of the consumption shot. At this point conditions are much less terrible and the chance for premature ignition is reduced. In port injection, the air is injected individually at the beginning of the consumption shot to thin the hot residuary gases and cool any hot musca volitanss. Since less gas ( H or air ) is in the manifold at any one clip, any pre-ignition is less terrible. The recess supply force per unit area for port injection tends to be higher than for carburetted or cardinal injection syste ms, but less than for direct injection systems. The changeless volume injection ( CVI ) system uses a mechanical cam-operated device to clip the injection of the H to each cylinder. The CVI block is shown on the far right of the exposure with four fuel lines go outing on left side of the block ( one fuel line for each cylinder ) . The electronic fuel injection ( EFI ) system meters the H to each cylinder. This system uses single electronic fuel injectors ( solenoid valves ) for each cylinder and pumped to a common fuel rail located down the Centre of the consumption manifold. Whereas the CVI system uses changeless injection timing and variable fuel rail force per unit area, the EFI system uses variable injection timing and changeless fuel rail force per unit area.Direct Injection SystemsMore sophisticated H engines use direct injection into the burning cylinder during the compaction shot. In direct injection, the consumption valve is closed when the fuel is injected, wholly avoiding premature ignition during the intake shot. Consequently the engine can non backlash into the consumption manifold. The power end product of a direct injected H engine is 20 % more than for a gasolene engine and 42 % more than a H engine utilizing a carburetor. While direct injection solves the job of pre-ignition in the consumption manifold, it does non needfully forestall pre ignition within the burning chamber. In add-on, due to the reduced commixture clip of the air and fuel in a direct injection engine, the air/fuel mixture can be non-homogenous. Surveies have suggested this can take to higher NOx emanations than the non-direct injection systems. Direct injection systems require a higher fuel rail force per unit area than the other.Thermal DilutionPre-ignition conditions can be curbed utilizing thermic dilution techniques such as fumes gas recirculation ( EGR ) or H2O injection. As the name implies, an EGR system re-circulates a part of the fumes gases back into the consumption manifold. The debut of exhaust gases helps to cut down the temperature of hot musca volitanss, cut downing the possibility of pre-ignition. Additionally, re-circulating fumes gases cut down the peak burning temperature, which reduces NOx emanations. Typically a 25 to 30 % recirculation of fumes gas is effectual in extinguishing blo wback. On the other manus, the power end product of the engine is reduced when utilizing EGR. The presence of exhaust gases reduces the sum of fuel mixture that can be drawn into the burning chamber. Another technique for thermally thining the fuel mixture is the injection of H2O. Injecting H2O into the H watercourse prior to blending with air has produced better consequences than shooting it into the hydrogen-air mixture within the consumption manifold. A possible job with this type of system is that H2O can acquire assorted with the oil, so care must be taken to guarantee that seals do non leak.Engine DesignThe most effectual agencies of commanding pre-ignition and knock is to re-design the engine for H usage, specifically the burning chamber and the chilling system. A discoid burning chamber ( with a level Piston and chamber ceiling ) can be used to cut down turbulency within the chamber. The disc form helps bring forth low radial and digressive speed constituents and does non magnify recess whirl during compaction. Since unburned hydrocarbons are non a concern in H engines, a big bore-to-stroke ratio can be used with this engine. To suit the wider scope of fire velocities tha t occur over a greater scope of equality ratios, two flicker stoppers are needed. The chilling system must be designed to supply unvarying flow to all locations that need chilling. Extra steps to diminish the chance of pre ignition are the usage of two little exhaust valves as opposed to a individual big one, and the development of an effectual scavenging system, that is, a agency of displacing exhaust gas from the burning chamber with fresh air.Ignition SystemsDue to hydrogen ‘s low ignition energy bound, lighting H is easy and gasoline ignition systems can be used. At really thin air/fuel ratios ( 130:1 to 180:1 ) the fire speed is reduced well and the usage of a double flicker stopper system is preferred. Ignition systems that use a waste flicker system should non be used for H engines. These systems energize the flicker each clip the Piston is at top dead Centre whether or non the Piston is on the compaction stroke or on its exhaust shot. For gasolene engines, waste flicke r systems work good and are less expensive than other systems. For H engines, the waste flickers are a beginning of pre-ignition. Spark stopper for a H engine should hold a cold evaluation and have non-platinum tips. A cold-rated stopper is one that transfers heat from the stopper tip to the cylinder caput quicker than a hot-rated flicker stopper. This means the opportunities of the flicker stopper tip lighting the air/fuel charge is reduced. Hot rated spark stoppers are designed to keep a certain sum of heat so that C sedimentations do non roll up. Since H does non incorporate C, hot-rated flicker stoppers do non function a utile map. Platinum-tip flicker stopper should besides be avoided since Pt is a accelerator, doing H to oxidise with air.Crankcase Ventilation:Crankcase airing is even more of import for H engines than for gasolene engines. As with gasolene engines, un-burnt fuel can ooze by the Piston rings and enter the crankcase. Since H has a lower energy ignition bound than gasolene, any un-burnt H come ining the crankcase has a greater opportunity of lighting. Hydrogen should be prevented from roll uping through airing. Ignition within the crankcase can be merely a startling noise or consequence in engine fire. When H ignites within the crankcase, a sudden force per unit area rise occurs. To alleviate this force per unit area, a force per unit area alleviation valve must be installed on the valve screen. Exhaust gases can besides ooze by the Piston rings into the crankcase. Since H fumes is H2O vapor, H2O can distill in the crankcase when proper airing is non provided. The commixture of H2O into the crankcase oil reduces its lubrication ability, ensuing in a higher grade of engine wear.Emissions:The burning of H with O green goodss H2O as its lone merchandise: 2H2 + O2 = 2H2O The burning of H with air nevertheless can besides bring forth oxides of N ( NOx ) : H2 + O2 + N2 = H2O + N2 + NOx The oxides of N are created due to the high temperatures generated within the burning chamber during burning. This high temperature causes some of the N in the air to unite with the O in the air. The sum of NOx formed depends on:The air/fuel ratioThe engine compaction ratioThe engine velocityThe ignition timingWhether thermic dilution is utilisedIn add-on to oxides of N, hints of C monoxide and C dioxide can be present in the fumes gas, due to ooze oil combustion in the burning chamber. Depending on the status of the engine ( combustion of oil ) and the operating scheme used ( a rich versus thin air/fuel ratio ) , a H engine can bring forth from about zero emanations ( every bit low as a few ppm ) to high NOx and important C monoxide emanations. Power End product: The theoretical maximal power end product from a H engine depends on the air/fuel ratio and fuel injection method used. As mentioned in above, the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio for H is 34:1. At this air/fuel ratio, H will displace 29 % of the burning chamber go forthing merely 71 % for the air. As a consequence, the energy content of this mixture will be less than it would be if the fuel were gasolene ( since gasolene is a liquid, it merely occupies a really little volume of the burning chamber, and therefore allows more air to enter ) . Since both the carburetted and larboard injection methods mix the fuel and air prior to it come ining the burning chamber, these systems limit the maximal theoretical power gettable to about 85 % of that of gasolene engines. For direct injection systems, which mix the fuel with the air after the consumption valve has closed ( and therefore the burning chamber has 100 % air ) , the maximal end product of the engine can be about 15 % higher than that for gasolene engines. Therefore, depending on how the fuel is metered, the maximal end product for a H engine can be either 15 % higher or 15 % less than that of gasolene if a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio is used. However, at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio, the burning temperature is really high and as a consequence it will organize a big sum of N oxides ( NOx ) , which is a criteria pollutant. Since one of the grounds for utilizing H is low exhaust emanations, H engines are non usually designed to run at a stoichiometric air/fuel ratio. Typically hydrogen engines are designed to utilize approximately twice every bit much air as theoretically required for complete burning. At this air/fuel ratio, the formation of NOx is reduced to near nothing. Unfortunately, this besides reduces the power end product to about half that of a likewise sized gasolene engine. To do up for the power loss, H engines are normally larger than gasolene engines, and/or are equipped with turbochargers or superchargers.Hydrogen Gas Mixtures:Hydrogen can be used well in internal burning engines as an linear to a hydrocarbon fuel. Hydrogen is most normally assorted with high force per unit area natural gas for this intent since both gases can be stored in the same armored combat vehicle. If H is blended with other fuels, it normally has to be stored individually and assorted in the gaseous province instantly before ignition. In general, it is impractical to utilize H in concurrence with other fuels that besides require bulky storage systems, such as propane. Gaseous H can non be stored in the same vas as a liquid fuel. Hydrogen ‘s low denseness will do it to stay on top of the liquid and non blend. Furthermore, liquid fuels are stored at comparatively low force per unit areas so that really small H could be added to the vas. Liquid H can non be stored in the same vas as other fuels. Hydrogen ‘s low boiling point will stop dead other fuels ensuing in fuel â€Å"ice† . Hydrogen can be used in concurrence with compact liquid fuels such as gasolene, intoxicant or Diesel provided each are stored individually. In these applications, the fuel armored combat vehicles can be formed to suit into fresh infinites on the vehicle. Existing vehicles of this type tend to run utilizing one fuel or the other but non both at the same clip. One advantage of this scheme is that the vehicle can go on to run if H is unavailable. Hydrogen can non be used straight in a Diesel ( or â€Å"compression ignition† ) engine since H ‘s car ignition temperature is excessively high ( this is besides true of natural gas ) . Therefore, diesel engines must be outfitted with spark stoppers or utilize a little sum of Diesel fuel to light the gas ( known as pilot ignition ) . Although pilot ignition techniques have been developed for usage with natural gas, no 1 is presently making this with H. One commercially available gas mixture known as Hythane contains 20 % H and 80 % natural gas. At this ratio, no alterations are required to a natural gas engine, and surveies have shown that emanations are reduced by more than 20 % . Mixtures of more than 20 % H with natural gas can cut down emanations further but some engine alterations are required. Thin operation of any internal burning engine is advantageous in footings of oxides of nitrogen emanations and fuel economic system. For hydrocarbon engines, thin operation besides leads to take down emanations of C monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. As more O is available than required to burn the fuel, the extra O oxidizes more C monoxide into C dioxide, a less harmful emanation. The extra O besides helps to finish the burning, diminishing the sum of unburned hydrocarbons. As with H, the drawback of thin operation with hydrocarbon fuels is a decreased power end product. Thin operation of hydrocarbon engines has extra drawbacks. Thin mixtures are difficult to light, despite the mixture being above the LFL of the fuel. This consequence in dud, which increases unburned hydrocarbon emanations, reduces public presentation and wastes fuel. Another disadvantage is the decreased transition efficiency of 3-way catalytic convertors, ensuing in more harmful emanations. To some extent, blending H with other hydrocarbon fuels reduces all of these drawbacks. Hydrogen ‘s low ignition energy bound and high firing velocity makes the hydrogen/hydrocarbon mixture easier to light, cut downing dud and thereby bettering emanations, public presentation and fuel economic system. Sing power end product, H augments the mixture ‘s energy denseness at thin mixtures by increasing the hydrogen-to-carbon ratio, and thereby improves torsion at wide-open throttle conditions.Current Status:A few car makers have been making some work in the development of hydrogen-powered vehicles ( Ford has late announced that they have developed a â€Å"production ready† hydrogen-powered vehicle utilizing an ICE and BMW has completed a universe circuit exposing a twelve or so hydrogen-powered 750i vehicles ) . However, it is non likely that any hydrogen-powered vehicles will be available to the populace until there is an equal re-fuelling substructure and trained tech nicians to mend and keep these vehicles. Like current gasoline-powered vehicles, the design of each H powered vehicle will most likely vary from maker to maker and theoretical account to pattern. One theoretical account may be simple in design and operation, for illustration, a thin combustion fuel metering scheme utilizing no emanation control systems such as EGR, catalytic convertor, evaporate fuel case shot, etc. Another theoretical account may be really sophisticated in design and operation, for illustration, utilizing an EGR fuel metering scheme with a catalytic convertor, multiple flicker stoppers, etc. Until such clip that a H substructure exists, hydrogen/natural gas fuel blends provide a logical passage to to the full hydrogen-powered vehicles. These vehicles can run on either fuel, depending on handiness

Assignment 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Assignment 6 - Essay Example and Czech Republic, especially reinforced after 1993 ("U.S. Department of State," July 2009). Since Steve proposes to set up Pizza outlets at Czech, he must address issues related to their eating habits, and factors that would affect the customer services:- Czechs are primarily meat eaters; pork, beef and chicken based dishes are popular. Goose, rabbit, duck are found in many common dishes. Many of Europe's popular cakes and pastries have a Czech origin. From a marketing perspective, Chicago style Pizza would have to be positioned against the Czech's popular fried cheese. The cultural differences between U.S. and Czechs are addressable, and should not unduly hamper Steve's business prospects. As a marketing strategy, Steve may wish to explore a few possibilities, such as, to provide: The primary economical advantage to Steve would be the lower wage expectations by Czechs. Hofstede's four dimension indices (http://www.geert-hofstede.com/) can be used to evaluate the business climate at Czech:- Power Distance Index (PDI): This represents the extent to which inequality in society is endorsed by people. The PDI of Czech is 57, as against the U.S. which is 40. Steve can therefore use his positional power, and expect Czech employees to be more subservient than the U.S. counterparts. Individualism (IDV): This repr... As a marketing strategy, Steve may wish to explore a few possibilities, such as, to provide: Combo flavors - Chicago style pizza with Czech fried cheese. Differential discount pricing for kids and "generation-next", targeting young adults. Weekend packages for families with ambience as near as Czech cottages and summer houses. Sober, but caring hospitality. Q.2 What comparative advantages exist in the Czech Can Steve take advantage of these The primary economical advantage to Steve would be the lower wage expectations by Czechs. Hofstede's four dimension indices (http://www.geert-hofstede.com/) can be used to evaluate the business climate at Czech:- Power Distance Index (PDI): This represents the extent to which inequality in society is endorsed by people. The PDI of Czech is 57, as against the U.S. which is 40. Steve can therefore use his positional power, and expect Czech employees to be more subservient than the U.S. counterparts. Individualism (IDV): This represents the extent to which individuals are knit into tight groups, including extended family. A lower index indicates tight grouping, whereas, higher index reflects individualism. As against Czechs index of 58, the U.S. stands at 91. This means that relatively Czechs are more group (as well as, family) oriented. Steve can use this fact to market group discount pricing strategies on eateries. Steve should also use the advantage of knowing Czech culture for better market strategy. Masculinity (MAS): A higher index means assertive (masculine) behavior versus a lower index which indicates caring (feminine) traits. As against Czechs index of 57, the U.S. stands at 62. Although this is a marginal difference, yet it does indicate that Czechs would expect a

Materials and manufacture 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Materials and manufacture 2 - Essay Example ected to be hard; hardness is a property of a metal, which enables it to resist being permanently deformed, broken, or its shape being changed when a load is applied. Hardness of a mental is in direct relationship to its resistance, the greater the hardness of metal, the great the resistance to deformation (Nisbett, 2005). In order to establish the properties of materials under given conditions, they are normally subjected to various tests. The tensile strength of a material is a measure of how resistant the material is to failure under tension. The tensile test measures a material’s strength under tension. The testing involves applying a pulling force to a material from both sides until the material changes its shape or breaks. Metals, plastics, wood and ceramics are the common materials whose tensile strengths are measure. The recommended SI unit when testing tensile strength is either Pascal (Pa) or Newton per square meter, some engineers measure tensile strength in kilo-pound per square inch (KSI) (Davis, 2004). The impact strength of a material is the property of a material to resist failure under impulsive forces. The Charply impact test measures the energy absorbed by a standard notched specimen while breaking under an impact load (Lambert, Miriam and Susan, 2010). The test is being used as an economical quality control method so as to determine the notch sensitivity and impact toughness of engineering materials. The rotary strength of a material is the property of the material to resist failure under torsion. The Rotary fatigue test involves determining the relationship between the stress range and the number of times it can be applied before causing failure. In the process of determining rotary test of a material, testing machines are used for applying cyclically varying stresses and cover tension, compression, torsion and bending or a combination of these stresses (Mitchell and Jerina, 2007). Yet again, the carbon composition of a material impacts

Quarantine and Societal Fears Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Quarantine and Societal Fears - Essay Example The essay "Quarantine and Societal Fears" describes the plot of an American horror film "Quarantine" released in 2008. The paper analyses the film contexts and all the known facts about this it to find out the purpose of the film and the reason this film is placed in the horror genre. The plot of the film centers around a news anchor and her cameraman, who are shadowing two firemen for their night piece. The team gets called out to an apartment building because the apartment manager reported hearing screams from the building. From here, it is evident that many of the residents of the building have rabies-like symptoms such as ‘fever’ and a change in the eyes, as evidenced by the question 'What happened to her eyes?'. The overall argument of the film is that an outbreak of a deadly disease is always a possibility within society. There are many different contexts in which the film Quarantine can be placed which help to explain why "Quarantine" is placed in the horror genre. Biological warfare is an imminent threat and one of the most terrifying of all weapons. One of the main reasons biological warfare haunts the minds of many is that it may lead to a slow and painful death and that if the condition it causes is incurable, the outbreak may be impossible to stop. Infectious disease is no longer the biggest killer in the Western world, and this perhaps is what makes it so terrifying. The film also plays on many other common types of fear, such as being isolated from society, old or 'spooky' buildings, the dark and having a lack of information.

This I Believe Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

This I Believe - Assignment Example d to have to exercise a lot just to survive because catching or collecting the meals and then getting them ready to eat, plus taking care of a place of shelter and clothing used to take a lot of effort. Now we can go to the store for all the things we need and it doesn’t take so much effort to walk through the market. In the meantime, our body is still wanting to move and the muscles get stiff and tired when we don’t exercise. When we do exercise, though, the blood vessels open up and more nutrients get to our muscles so that they are not so stiff. The muscles get strong and can help to support our body so that we can do the things we want to do. If we don’t exercise, all the food and things that we put in our bodies just sits there and turns into fat. This is not attractive. We get extra rolls around our waists and our legs get big so that they rub together when we walk. We get extra chins and we don’t move so much because we are so uncomfortable. When people get really fat, they start to look like something else and this is definitely not attractive. We can’t fit into our clothes anymore and the clothes that we can fit into do not look good because they can’t force us into a better shape. Even when the clothes are specially made to ‘control the tummy’ or to shape the leg, they are not comfortable to us and we don’t like to wear them. We may feel like getting sweaty is not attractive, but getting too big is even less attractive. What’s most important about exercise, though, is that it makes us feel better. When our bodies are healthier and work better, we don’t get sick as easy and this helps us to feel better in all things. If we are not very fat, we don’t have a hard time moving around or doing the things that other people are doing and so we feel more like we can join in the fun. We don’t have to look like a movie star to feel like we are attractive if we are ‘in shape’ for our body style and we feel more confident

Management Roles Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Management Roles Paper - Essay Example Management roles, as presented by Henry Mintzberg (1980), are the most popular, compact set of managerial roles about managerial behavior, interpersonal relationships, and decision-making. These are ten management roles in total, comprised by 3 categories: Leader role. Under this role, the manager is expected to lead and supervise teams, motivate the subordinates, and train the employees. He gives them feedback about their performances, and makes constructive criticisms. Disturbance handler role. Under this role, the manager resolves conflicts among employees, arranges for mediators if necessary, and seeks to achieve the best solution to employees’ problems. He makes the employees adapt to changes and deal with crisis efficiently. Summing it up together, management roles are a diverse set of responsibilities that managers are expected to carry out. If they carry out these roles effectively, they become efficient managers that everyone at the workplace looks forward to. Each role is unique, with its demands and expectations. Henry Mintzberg has provided us with above mentioned management roles, which also serve as a guideline for all managers, and help us understand their importance and authority in the

Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Economy - Essay Example How has China developed over the past century? Importantly, what is China’s economic growth experience over the 1977-2007 period? China is an ancient civilization with a long tradition of dynastic rule and strong leaders. China has been ruled by the Communist Party of China (CCP) since 1949, an avowedly socialist form of government which established the People’s Republic of China, and initially viewed capitalism through a skeptic’s lens. As a socialist party with communist leanings, successive Chinese governments undertook disastrous social and economic initiatives including Five Year Plans, the failed Great Leap Forward and the violent Cultural Revolution. Despite some recent challenges, Chinese agriculture has witnessed important growth over the past thirty years and this has been propelled by a variety of forces. With a population of more than 1.3 billion, China remains a largely rural country with 43% of its labor force employed in agriculture with another 25% in industry and 32% in the service sector. Accordingly, decollectivization of the agricultural sector, public investment in the indust ry and market reforms have all played a role in stimulating this development. Human capital has been utilized by the authorities in Beijing through direct investment in the agricultural sector as well as through institutional changes aimed at developing this sector. By emphasizing the natural resources which China has been endowed with and employing technology appropriated through an opening up of the economy, the Chinese government is currently employing market liberalization to aid in the development of this industry, among others. China’s latest â€Å"New Rural Campaign† is the latest manifestation of this development, accounting for strong macro-economic growth and sustainable agricultural development (The Economist, 2008; Jia & Fock

Transportation Safety Administration Research Paper

Transportation Safety Administration - Research Paper Example Keywords: 4th Amendment, AIT Scanner, Pat downs. Transportation Safety Administration Screening at U. S. Airports The Bill of Rights and the 4th Amendment 2001 and Now Introduction: September 11, 2001 will never be forgotten by anyone who is an American citizen. It became a day that the â€Å"light came on† for many people who had before taken security for granted. To the major portion of Americans, terrorism was something that happened in other countries, never their own. A total of 19 terrorists were able to evade security checkpoints and personnel and board four commercial airline planes. The results of that day were a â€Å"wake up call† for security in America but particularly for airline security. (Taylor; Steedman, 2003). After 9/11 security professionals have been seen as a major defense to managing the terrorism threat. The security industry has seen a boom after September 11, 2001. The airline industry has been the fastest to upgrade their security measures, s ince the hijackings occurred on commercial airlines. Immediately following the attacks, President Bush poured $20 billion dollars into intelligence and security. The airlines had to enact new security measures so that people would feel safe flying. Stricter background checks and heavier security for baggage checks were the first placement measures. (Taylor; Steedman, 2003). The following research covers the new airline laws, the TSA and how it effects the Bill of Rights and the 4th Amendment. The New Security Measures: The new security laws were put into place on November 1, 2001. They needed to be in place before the heightened traveling season of Thanksgiving and Christmas of 2001. On November 19, 2001 Congress passed the Aviation and Transportation Security Act (ATSA). The Homeland Security Act was passed on November 25, 2002 and the TSA was moved to the Department of Homeland Security, which had formerly been directly under the Department of Transportation. (Taylor; Steedman, 20 03). Security officers are very important in an airport that caters to millions of people traveling from different parts of the world. They are employed to assure the safety of assets; â€Å"they are on the front line.† (Taylor; Steedman, 2003). A security officer takes his position more personal and is able to detect little things that others would not normally see by observation. These officers are well versed on baggage checks, vehicle checks, screening passengers and personnel and operating detection equipment. Shortly after the TSA was formed, 65,000 new federal employees were hired. (Taylor; Steedman, 2003). They were offered higher wages and better benefits, and increased training from 12 hours to 100 hours on all baggage and passenger screeners. (Blalock; Kadiyali; Simon, 2007). The immediate short term upgrades to security included criminal background checks on 750,000 airport employees, screening of all checked baggage with whatever equipment was available. This inc luded x-ray machines, personal hands on inspections, presence of more air marshals on board, and prescreening of suspicious passengers with the FBI. By 2003 5,000 more air marshals were placed on domestic and international flights. Long-term upgrades included 28,000 airport baggage screeners being equipped with explosive

Responsible business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Responsible business - Essay Example The concept of ethical business will be explained using a real-life example from a business that shows the perfect application of ethical business practices. This will help in developing the theme of how organizations create and implement ethical practices in the workplace. Additionally, the effect of ethical behaviour affects the behaviour of organizations and the society in general. This will be followed by an analysis of the role of the government in approaching responsible business. Responsible Business From definition, a responsible business performs actions that are strategic, comprehensive and connect with all the players in the industry. This model describes a way of acting on decisions and problems in a systematic and connected way. This approach also enlightens the leaders of the organization, including the board of directors, the team that deals with the customers, the government and non-for profits organizations (Pohl & Tolhurst, 2010). According to the tenets of responsi ble business, apart from making profits, an organization should also encourage practices that reflect ethical, social and environmental goals. This can be done by the employing business practices considered responsible by the society. For example, the provision of safe and healthy working environments for employees, being an equal opportunity employer, avoiding inequality and injustice in the organization, and avoiding bullying, harassment or discrimination in the workplace (Sanford, 2011). This can be done by setting organizational policies and cultures that reflect the factors mentioned above and ensuring that the employees and management follow these policies. Additionally, societal and environmental concerns are applied when the policies that guide the organization are made, which is mainly done to influence other stakeholders in a business. Reducing risks faced in the working environment also makes up part of the responsible business model, for example, by reducing the environm ental and health risks faced by employees in the organization. Additionally, the organization should also work to ensure that risks that its operations pose to the society and community are reduced through the use of responsible work technologies and procedures (Smith, 2010). The term responsible business covers a wide range of factors, and some of the concepts that it encompasses are CSR, ethics, business sustainability and social considerations. The application of these factors ensures that a business’s operations are considered responsible. Responsible businesses adhere to these practices in order to ensure that it continues with profitable ventures in the community and follows the ethical codes dictated by the society. Another concept that is similar to responsible business is corporate social responsibility (CSR), which refers to the analysis of an organization’s duties and how its actions degrades or uplifts the community in which it operates (Kotler & Lee, 2011) . Another factor that relates to responsible business is ethical business. A distinction between a sustainable and ethical business is that a business that places emphasis on a specific code of conduct is referred to as an ethical business, while a sustainable business is one that is able to continue operations through sustainable trading. Ethical Business Ethics is one of the issues make up an individual’s personality, makes the basis for behaviour, morals and

Observations of Realists Essay Example for Free

Observations of Realists Essay 1) Are the observations of Realists, such as Hans Morgenthau, accurate in respect to their assessment of the importance of international law in contemporary world politics? Realists such as Hans Morgenthau and more recently Lloyd Gruber, base their theories on the assumption individuals, and hence states, act rationally to protect their own interests, the national interest. They believe states exist in a world of anarchy without an over arching authority. While this may be the case and it certainly is for some states, it is a theory that requires review within the context of the modern world and international law. In the world of bi-polar power during the Cold War, Morgenthau’s views interpreted the global climate accurately, however it is now short sighted in our time of globalization. Multi-National Corporations (MNC), Inter-Governmental Organisations (IGO) and Non-Government Organisations (NGO) play a very large part on the world stage and influence countries, economies and conflicts. Meanwhile younger theories are tending to consider the state and the world’s political climate as a holistic, interactive entity. Increased access to communication, social media and increased global wealth serve to provide an environment for a better financed and informed NGO. Yet even the UN, it’s efficacy being constantly brought into doubt, plays a vital role in establishing norms and standards with the global stakeholders. These developing theories document our planet’s political interaction and development and as such are constantly in a state of change. Sometimes in-sync with current standards such as international law and other times, not. Taking into account realism is one of the more established theories of international relations, we have to also consider the global climate in which the theory was established and compare that to now. Hans Morgenthau was born in Coburg, Germany 1904 and experienced two world worlds. He and his predecessors experienced states as the only actors in world politics. The United Kingdom was exiting her great period of colonisation and was witnessing the unraveling of her empire. Meanwhile Germany was rebuilding and rising in global status. The world was experiencing a transition into industry and moving away from the traditional agriculturally driven economies. Throughout this time, the average person’s existence was more concerned with subsistence. Overseas phone calls and intercontinental travel were beyond the average person’s reach. The importance of setting the scene here is to understand globalisation was in its infancy. To understand this helps to shape the importance other actors in world politics play. Instant communications, the Internet and global travel have made the world a smaller place. Activists, such as Green Peace, can now influence states. So much so, the Rainbow Warrior, Green Peace’s flagship, was sunk by the French spy agency, Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE), in July 1985, killing a photographer. This is an extreme example of NGO influence, yet it cannot be denied that to bomb a civilian ship highlights the pressure Green Peace was placing on the international stage. Realism does not take into account all variables acting upon the state in today’s day and age. When established, realism existed in a time of strong state actors. Today, with the ending of the Cold War that line has blurred, NGOs etc†¦ have filled that void. To understand the motivation behind the establishment of these organisations helps us to understand the influence they have. For instance, Oxfam, Amnesty International and the like have their basis within a moral social consciousness. Therefore, it’s easy to see why theories, such as Social Constructivism, focus on a world shaped by the influences of a nation’s shared beliefs, culture and values. As democracy extends further and nations adopt a capitalist model to fit into the global model, the demands to maintain a balanced, humane society increase. Governments feel this pressure and so, act accordingly. An argument by Social Constructionist such as Barnett and Finnemore is that IGOs have the real power. As I will show later using the US invasion of Iraq, governments still have the final say on their actions, although IGOs, NGOs and MNCs play a very large role in influencing them. Having stated this, one may counter argue this implies it is still a state verses state environment (Realism), however, the world has still evolved into government verses government verses IGOs, NGOs and MNCs, henceforth realism cannot not explain the actions of governments alone and must consider the external influences. Constructivism does so, but places the power into the hands of IGOs and the like. An alternative needs to be sought. Alternatives such as the European Union, which remains â€Å"†¦the most successful experiment in political institution-building since the Second World War. Andrew Moravcsik goes on to say the EU cannot replace or aspire to the democratic status of nation states, yet their role remains embedded in monitoring accountability and extensive checks and balances upon its member states. Emerging actors such as the EU again demonstrate the changing environment and clearly indicate realist theories, must by reconsidered. Focusing on the institutions such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, we can cite several occasions in which their influence has shaped global politics, whether for selfish or selfless motivations. The concept of poverty alleviation was raised by the World Bank during the 1960’s and saw the World Bank â€Å"sell poverty alleviation to members through a mixture of persuasion and coercion. † The Ford Foundation established a report highlighting the successes of poverty alleviation and cited their own programs, many of which were to governmental organizations. The report also stated poverty alleviation programs were ineffectual and implied corruption. Albeit, this report was funded by the Ford Foundation to report on its own programs, yet I was under the impression they were given freedom to report accurately. Even though the Ford Foundation was established by Henry Ford’s son, and not the company itself, it still represents the power and influence a MNC can exert. These reports are not controversial, but it does go towards forming an image about governments and it is in this way influence is exerted. Furthermore, the actions of the Ford Foundation to fund relief programs, brings into question the effectiveness and validity of IGO programs. Probably the largest non-state actor is the United Nations (UN). It’s governance covers many areas of international concern, United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), World Food Program (WFP), United Nations Development Program (UNDP), United Nations High Commission for Refugees (UNHCR), United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), etc†¦. As a consequence, its membership is extensive. Whether the member states take their affiliation with the UN and it’s associated bodies seriously or whether they use them as a vehicle for their own means is irrelevant. In either case, the mere existence of this relationship affects the outcomes of global politics. While UN peace keeping missions and other security programs are a subject for debate into the validity of the UN, it cannot be argued that President Bush’s attempts to have the invasion of Iraq sanctioned in 2003 was an attempt to the have the US’s actions deemed as â€Å"right’ within the eyes of the global audience. The fact the US then ignored the UN’s recommendation is irrelevant, the mere attempt to legitimize the US’s actions implies the states are now not the only actors within global politics. This occurrence in itself indicates in itself realism is becoming outdated and the need to consider a more holistic approach. While it can be argued the UN is an Inter-Governmental Organisation (IGO) and is therefore a part or rather a stage for governments to act upon. It must be noted the sovereignty of states, upon which realism is based, does not exist within the UN. The UN is a global entity upon which sovereign states are members, the UN in itself has now physical bounds and by its title, implies the uniting of nations as a common theme. The Neorealist and Structural Realism models may be more applicable in that they balance of power among states is considered in the UN forum, however, true Realist theories, such as those proposed by Morgenthau, are becoming less relevant based upon the increase in non-governmental actors. The development of the Realist theory and subsequent â€Å"neo† theories show a development of thinking and a mark of the time in which they were contrived. These theories cannot be accurate moving into the future as the benchmarks upon which they are based change with the development of the world, it’s technology and it’s people. They can however, allow us to isolate specific elements of global relations, regardless of the time they were developed. I foresee a more holistic approach to global government and non-governmental relationships develop. This will allow us to consider all of the relevant stakeholders while incorporating the best of each perspective, whether it comes from a sociological, economic or political basis. Realist theories are accurate to a degree regarding world politics, however the influence they now hold on international law and global governance has become less. The role of non-state actors, facilitated by the expansion of communications and travel, namely globalization, has given rise to organisations, which previously were unable to exist. Their power varies greatly within the influence they have upon governments of the world, yet they do influence. In a world where the occupants are more aware and hold their respective governments to account for their actions, these nations cannot afford to ignore the influence of the new players in the game.

The United States and China Essay Example for Free

The United States and China Essay China’s idea of economic advancement has transformed the country in a unequal titan. Reframing methods started by Deng Xiaoping in the early 1980’s, Chinese institutions started using inexpensive capital and labor to contest on the global economy. Beijing maintains to subsidize exports massively, though loans to institutions and exchange cost to non-domestic buyers of Chinese goods. The Chinese government enforces management on the expense of Chinese civilians that grant it to filter financial assets into Chinese institutions. China’s method of using financial repression has given this country financial power in the Global and American economy. This poses a threat to American Financial Foreign policy. In this research paper, I will explain the economic growth of China, from there I will tie that into their financial foreign policy in China, I will then discuss the cross-correlation method of America and China’s financial inputs/outputs into American Foreign Policy, from there I will present the threat that this poses to America. In 1970 China was under the direction of Mao Zedong, he retained a prepared economy. The country’s economic gain was conducted by the state of China, which set fixed controlled prices, manufacturing objectives, and resources available in the economy. The main goal of the Chinese government is to allow China’s economy to be a more relatively self-sufficient system. Trade was usually narrow to gain only goods that could not achieve in China. China theories made the economy comparably ineffective, inactive, by reason of many prospects of the economy of their centralized government. After the death of Mao in 1978 China decided to disconnect its ties that it had with the soviet-style policies. The economy was then reformed, corresponding to the free market ethic and trade and investment of the United States. China intent is to, boost both economic growth and living standards. Prior to 1970, 81 % of China’s people lived in rural communities. The economy had previously been interrupted by war. The victorious communist party installed applied economics. 40 to 30 million people died from famine. In the city living, standards increased for over 40 years. Students from Tsinghua,  University located in Beijing China, recorded a study that said the average pay level in the catering business exceeded wages in higher education in 2009. After market reforms In 1978 the GP growth was averaging 10% every year. And it had lifted over 600 million people out of the poor. All of the country goals have been reached or within reach with the population at about 1.3 billion this has made china the second largest economy, and increasingly playing an importance and influence in the global market. It is now the world’s, merchandise exporter, holder of foreign exchanges, and largest manufacturer. China’s brisk economic prosperity has excelled to a valuable merger in reciprocal monetary ties with the United States. Corresponding to American Foreign Policy trade data, overall trade between these two countries matured from 4.7 billion in 1980 to 560 billion in 2013. China is actively the United States second largest trading ally, it is the third largest export market, also adding the largest country of exported goods. Powerful U.S. companies tend to move their business aboard in China to see their products bloom in there market and to take advantage of the lower-cost of labor for exported manufacturing goods. Interest rates comparably stay low because it allows the U.S. to remain internationally competitive.

Room Division Manager Forecasting Data And Revenue Study Tourism Essay

Room Division Manager Forecasting Data And Revenue Study Tourism Essay By forecasting room availability we mean forecasting the number of rooms available for sale. In order to facilitate forecasting Room Division Manager should collect the following data that helps manage the reservation process. Number of expected room arrivals- is the number of guests that have already made reservation in the hotel and are expected to check à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬in. Number of expected room walk-ins- Walk-ins are the guests without reservations that coming in the hotel. This number helps the front office managers to use the appropriate number of staff and prepare rooms for the expected walk-ins. Number of expected room stayovers- is the number of guests that will not expected to check out today and will continue stay in the hotel. Helps the management to know the occupancy of the hotel, the number of rooms that are available for sale and the number of employees that must be used. Number of expected room no-shows- is the number of expected guests who did not arrive in the hotel. This number helps front office managers to know if there are rooms available for sale and decide when to sell rooms to walk-in. Number of expected room understays- is the number of guests who check out before their departure date. Helps the management to know additional room availability. Number of expected room check-outs- is the number of guests expected to departure from the hotel that day. This number helps the management with the number of available rooms for sale. It helps them to use the right number of employees will be needed in the front office during the check-out process and the number of housekeepers in order to clean the rooms. Number of expected room overstays- Overstays are the guests who stay beyond their departure date. This number alerts management for any problems when rooms have been reserved for arriving guests. Moreover, this type of forecasting can be used as an occupancy forecast that helps the management to decide how many employees needed for a shift depended on the expected volume of business. 2. Explain the concept of revenue management and how R.D Manager can maximize revenue by using forecast data. Revenue management is the process of each hotel to understanding guest behavior in order to maximize the revenue. The philosophy of the revenue management of a hotel is to sell the right room to the right person at the right time for the right price. The revenue management plays an important role in the financial success of any hotel. It includes a number of tactics and strategies that make the hotel to develop best selling situations. Revenue management is always depends on the law of demand and supply. There are more factors that can draw a reliable forecasting that affects the business, like long/short stay guests, type of room, cost of room etc. The concept of the revenue management is to pick the business that gives the maximum yield for the hotel. The management of the hotel wants to attract guests who pay the most and stay longest. There are numerous benefits coming of Revenue Management. The revenue management improves forecasting. It improves decisions about the prices and t he inventory of the hotel. It identifies new market segments and the demand of each market segment. The revenue management improves development of short and long term business plans and tries to increases the profit of the hotel and decrease the operating cost of the hotel by saving in labor cost, waste time from employees or other operating expenses. The forecasting data have lot to do with the revenue of the hotel. The forecasting data are used for the R.D manager to the revenue management techniques that followed from a hotel in order to increase the profitability to a great extent .These strategies are used from the Revenue Management are the capacity management, the discount allocation and the duration control. The Capacity management involves methods to balance the risks and control the room supply. It balances risks of overbooking against possible loss of revenue from guests that cancel their reservation, under-stays, and no-shows. It also involves in determining the number of walk-ins can be accepted on the day of arrival taking all the above in consideration. The Discount allocation involves methods to manage discounts for the rooms for various time periods from the rack rates. The Room Division manager and the sales agents must be able to sale at the best possible rates and at the same time to sale all the rooms of the h otel. All the room types of the hotel reduced rate- structure below the rack rate is given to reservations. Implementing this method requires reliable demand forecasting. This method helps also in up-selling by limiting the discounts by room type. Duration control is managing to place time limits on accepting reservations in order to give room request that are multiple days that represents higher level of revenue than single day occupancy that represents lower level of revenue. To increase the revenue the management can be combined the strategies of duration control and discount allocation. For example, the hotel can make a discount to a guest that will stay in for two weeks while one day stay require rack rate.

HUMAN BEINGS AND NATURE DURING THE REVOLUTION OF THE MIND Essay

HUMAN BEINGS AND NATURE DURING THE REVOLUTION OF THE MIND "Enlightenment is man's release from his self-incurred tutelage. Tutelage is man's inability to make use of his understanding without direction from another. Self-incurred is this tutelage when its cause lies not in lack of reason but in lack of resolution and courage to use it without direction from another. Dare to Know! Have courage to use your own reason!- that is the motto of enlightenment." -Immanuel Kant, 1784 (1) From the sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries, a drastically new way of thinking developed in Western Civilization, a way of thinking that has shaped and defined the modern world. This new mode of thought evolved within two movements, the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. These movements led Western Civilization to a departure from reverence for traditional authority, from a fatalistic view of the world, and from a blending of the spiritual and the secular, allowing the emergence of the individualistic, scientific, progress-oriented attitude that fuels the Western world today. The thinking of the leaders of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment built upon and revolutionized that of Medieval and classical intellectuals. It introduced a belief that human beings could learn to control and conquer nature, defining their lives in new ways and leaving a fear of the supernatural behind. Departure from Traditional Authority The most obvious form in which this new way of thinking deviated from the norm was its rebellion against traditional authority, particularly the powerful authority of the Church. The rebellion against traditional authority, particularly the powerful authority of the Church. The astronomer Nicolaus Co... ...vilization, ed. Perry M. Rogers (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997): p. 23-24. 19. Marquis de Condorcet, "The Progress of the Human Mind," in Aspects of Western Civilization, ed. Perry M. Rogers (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997): p. 25-26. 20. William Harvey, "I Learn and Teach From the Fabric of Nature," from On the Circulation of the Blood, in Aspects of Western Civilization, ed. Perry M. Rogers (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997): p. 20-21. 21. Voltaire, "If God Did Not Exist, He Would Have To Be Invented," in Aspects of Western Civilization, ed. Perry M. Rogers (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997): p. 35-36. 22. Immanuel Kant, "What Is Enlightenment?" in Aspects of Western Civilization, ed. Perry M. Rogers (Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1997): p. 32.

Early Repolarization Pattern (ERP) Essay -- pattern, leads, conditions

Introduction Early repolarization pattern (ERP) is an enigmatic common electrocardiographic (ECG) finding,occurring in 1% to 2% of the general population (1). ERP prevalence is decreasing with advancing age (2) This ECG pattern is frequently observed in healthy persons,particularly young,male (3,4,5), athletic (6,7), and of African-American origin (4,5,6,7,8).On the 12-lead ECG the ERP is characterized as â€Å"notching† or â€Å"slurring† of the terminal portion of the R wave and beginning of the ST-segment that produces a positive hump known as J wave. The J wave is a deflection with a dome that appears immediately after the end of QRS complex followed by ST-segment elevation ≠¥ 0.1 mV (or 1 mm, varying from 1 to 4 mm) above isoelectric line (relative to the subsequent TP interval) concave upward in at least two contiguous ECG leads. This ECG finding is most frequently seen in the precordial leads from V3 to V5 and often in the inferior leads II, III, and aVF (9) Normal ERP should be differentiated from others conditions with ST segment elevation such as asthenic habitus, acute pericarditis, STEMI,Brugada syndrome (BrS), congenital short QT syndrome(SQTS), and IVF (10,11). Although the condition is usually considered benign, its potential arrhythmogenicity has been suggested by experimental studies.(12) The majority of such sudden cardiac arrests are caused by ventricular tachyarrhythmias, which occur in persons without structural heart disease in 6 to 14% of cases. (13,14) These results were replicated in similar studies and the association with increased arrhythmic risk was subsequently extended to the general population in large cohort studies (16,17). In brief, ER consists of 2 components: prominent J waves and ST-segment elevation.... ... and QT interval association.In the recently study, patients with ERP had shorter QTc interval than subjects with normal ECG pattern. Also statistical results are significantly different about other paratemeters like QT,JT,JTc,QT-apex interval.The previous studies showed ERP and short QT interval relation however subjects had different heart rates.Conversely we showed this association one-to-one matching with heart rates. Study limitations The number of subjects in this study is limited,because as a tertiary center patients with early repolarization pattern referred to our institution were complex and had comorbidities Although the cohort included subjects with strictly defined common features, data collectionwas not uniform among centers. In our study population, we had no subjects with structural heart disease so the results may not apply to these subgroups.

Ambiguity and Understanding of Chaucers Troilus and Criseyde Essays

Ambiguity and Understanding of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the aspects of Chaucer's Troilus and Criseyde that seemed most confusing at first was the apparent ambiguity or complete lack of motivation that the author provides for the main characters. Chaucer provides little explanation for why his major characters act the way that they do; when he does, his explanations are often ambiguous or contradictory. Pandarus is an excellent example of a character whose motives are ambiguous. The only motives clearly attributable to him based on the poem's text seem to be the friendship and affection he and Troilus have for each other, which is supported by the narrator's claim that "Pandarus ... [was] desirous to serve his fulle frend." (Chaucer 1.1058-9); a voyeuristic instinct (which could be supported by pointing out that Pandarus seems to arrange opportunities for Troilus and Criseyde to tryst, as much as possible, in his presence -- for instance, his presence for an unspecified length of time during the night Troilus an d Criseyde spend in his guest room); and a wish to vicariously fulfill, through his friend Troilus, those romantic desires which have been thwarted throughout life. This last (and perhaps most supportable) explanation is suggested by the constant identifications that Pandarus makes with Troilus, by saying "myn avys anoon may helpen us" and in asking Troilus if "Fortune oure joie wold han overthrowe," and by his explanation that "I ... nevere felte in my servyse / A frendly cheere or lokyng of an eye." (1.620, 4.385, 4.397-8) All of these motives for Chaucer's Pandarus could be supported, but none seems clearly to be more plausible than any of the others. However, for these vaguely defined motives,... ...uld be portrayed as less happy: he has lost Criseyde, has been denied revenge against her new lover, and is dead. It is hard to imagine a more forceful combination of facts with writing to make a point. As if to drive it home, Chaucer's narrator then refers to "Jove, Apollo, ... Mars" as "swich rascaille," or rabble.    Subtleties of middle English can be confusing for a new reader and first, and "entente" is a word with subtle variations in meaning and a variety of connotations. Properly understood, though, it adds a great deal to an understanding of Chaucer's Troilus.    References Chaucer, Geoffrey. Troilus and Criseyde in The Riverside Chaucer. General Ed. Benson, Larry D. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1987. Tatlock, John S.P., and Arthur G. Kennedy. A Concordance to the Complete Work of Geoffrey Chaucer. Gloucester: Peter Smith, 1963.   

DOTA Addiction Essay

Playing games is a natural part of growing. It’s one way that kids learn to socialize, compete, to fulfil their craving ego, to entertain, to have fun and sometimes to escape from depression. Computer and online games, in most instances, are no more dangerous than other games, which kids play outdoors. But sometimes, computer and online games with the touch of modern technology, it become more than just play. They become an addiction. And when they become an addiction, it will be hard for the parents and to them to end what has been started. Computer games are slowly arousing and it is one of the things that bring the negative effect. Many people are playing and having so much fun with this that can be a form of entertainment. One of those addicting games is Defense of the Ancients (commonly known as DOTA) is a real-time online or LAN strategy computer game composing of two to ten or twelve players where you can choose from over ninety unique characters you can play on. It requires focus, strategy, quick hands and quick thinking when you are in difficult situations. The objective of the scenario is to destroy the opponent’s â€Å"Ancient†. The two ancient teams are heavily guarded structures at opposing corners of the map. The game is very popular in the world; in the Philippines and Thailand. It is also one of the most well-known computer games being played in Sweden and other Northern European countries. By these reasons, the popularity of this game has increase over time not only with these countries being mentioned  but it has been getting more popular all over the world. As DOTA arises, many issues also arise. It may be about on relationships, peers, foes, and most especially, education. Many critics worldwide are arguing about the real effects of playing DOTA considering that many people especially teenagers are getting addicted on this computer game. They said, this is a mind numbing entertainment for everyone and produces a socially isolated people and promotes violent behaviours. Some of these criticisms may or may not be true. In the Philippines, DOTA is being played not only by teenager but also by the kids that made this as a big concern for parents. At their young age they are more prone on getting addicted on playing this game and might get out of focus to their studies and would lost their interests in playing physical and traditional games like â€Å"tumbang preso†, â€Å"luksang baka†, â€Å"patintero†, and many more. There are many students and even some young professionals that are addicted to DOTA. When time spent on the computer, playing DOTA games it reaches a point that it harms a child’s or adult’s family and social relationships. Neither can disrupt school nor work life. Chapter II : Background of the Problem This action research is intended to prevent the addiction of the minors in playing computer games specifically DOTA. We have included negative and positive effects of the game, its advantage and disadvantages and some professional advices. Online games like DOTA can be a good social platform of the minors if it was directed in a good way. The positive effects of playing DOTA are for the youth to communicate teenagers who initially don’t know each other can easily be friends, they will also learn to strategize and boost their reflexes for DOTA is for smart ones. Gaming Addiction a Mental Disorder? The American Psychiatric Association (APA) adds Internet Gaming Addiction as  one of the potential disorders that needs to be treated. And they are hoping for more clinical research to formally include it on the list. Should it be considered as such? Here are some arguments and counter-arguments regarding gaming addiction.

Logical Fallacies

?TUDENT HANDOUT consistent FALLACIES invoice of uniform systemal Fallacies * What is logic? * system of logic is think that is conducted according to strict principles. * How is logic cogitate to expository writing? * When you make unnecessary an expository essay, you argon using logic to brook the layers of proof for your controls. * You be proving your dissertation when you make your proposition denounces. * e. g. , set up the wherefore, How, What argon they challenges nearly the thesis * You be proving your event sentences when you construct your patriarchal stick ups * e. g. saying the why, How, What be they questions rough the discipline sentence * You be proving/fleshing out your native(a) stick up when you construct your secondary supports. * e. g. , bug outing the What do you mean, Tell me to a greater extent, wherefore, How, What ar they questions to the highest degree the primary supports * You atomic number 50 think of logic/ abstra ct thought as the answers to the questions that prove the thesis, outlet sentences, and primary supports. * What is a crystalline fallacy? * A logical fallacy (a. k. a. rhetorical fallacy) is an computer error in reasoning. In expository writing, it is the pervert answer to one and only(a) of the questions.There are some(prenominal) reasons why stack come up with the abuse answers. Some of the most commonplace reasons are listed be number one (see Different Types of perspicuous Fallacies). * ordered fallacies in writing foreshadow two guesss to the highest degree the antecedent * The generator is non honest * The generator is non smart. * Uses for transparent Fallacies * Writers of advertisements, editorials, and political propaganda go a man successionment enjoyment logical fallacies to their advant geezerhood. Different Types of Logical Fallacies * government none Logic (a. k. a. smoke and mirrors) an argument in which the author supports his/her posit ion by part restating it. other effect of donnish loser is prejudicial feelings. Depression, exiting from schoolman failure, provide get off a psyches self-esteem. Similarly, falling off pass on increase based a persons despondency about the neediness of employment options available to them be baffle of their academic setbacks. * The thing sentence states that one result of academic failure is nix feelings. Thus, the oddmentorser depart expect the source to relieve HOW academic failure causes oppose feelings. The ratifier may also expect the generator to apologise WHAT the negative feelings are. Depression is one slip of negative feeling.However, the author does non show how academic failure causes depressive dis browse. kinda, he/she states that imprint impart lower a persons self-esteem, which is real akin to depression. In the next sentence, the author states that depression leave behind increase based on a persons despondency about the lack o f employment. Because despondency is the identical as depression, the source has said abruptly nought by making that statement. Moreover, he/she has missed the direct connection in the midst of academic failure and negative feelings when he/she chose to imply employment. * Non Sequitur (a. k. a.Lying) It does non keep up. A statement in which the conclusion does non logically follow the premise. * a nonher(prenominal) problem with the latest crapulenceing sequence of 21 is that it results in ignominious consumption. One bureau it results in opprobrious consumption is the long expected value for the clutch come on, which is seeming to create prodigal take uping after it dos available. A lot of unripe flock who reach the statutory come along tend to go overboard when they are finally able to drink whenever they want. They do not care about their constrains and the consequences of irresponsible insobriety because nobody bottomland signalize them not t o drink.As a result, they end up swallow too much. Another way it causes abusive drinking is that teen festerrs chthonic the age of 21 are driven by the temptation of wrong exertion. The age limit has not eliminated drinking for slew beneath 21. Instead, it has pushed them to do it in tete-a-tete environments, where they bum hide from parents and the law. * The return sentence specifies that the electric current drinking age results in the abusive consumption of alcoholic beverage. In order to prove this topic sentence, the generator would afford to answer the HOW question with regard to the topic sentence.To be specific, HOW does current drinking age fit to the excessive consumption of alcohol? Although the author does answer the question, he/she provides false answers. First, the writer contends that commonwealth who carry to wait until a certain age to drink alcohol go overboard because theyve waited so long. This is not true lot who are inefficient to con trol their behavior are seeming a certain spirit image, not a certain age. regular if the age were to change to eighteen (as the writer of this subject suggested), quite a little with this particular genius type would still do the selfsame(prenominal) problem.Second, the writer contends that stack under the age of 21 are driven by a temptation to participate in under-the-counter activity. Again, this is not true People who pay back an affinity for embezzled activity arse be any age. Unless the writer support cite several honourable studies that keep up his/her train, it is stainlessly false. * Slippery tip (a. k. a. Exaggerating) take for granted that one thing allow for cause something extremely drastic. * Smoking dismissnabis give lead to cocaine addiction. When childly people smoke marijuana, they normally commence given to the feelings of recreation that they derive from the activity.Once people pay back used to those feelings, they entrust look for something stronger. Eventually, they will act harder drugs. Cocaine is one of the harder drugs and very addictive. As young people seek a harder drug that will allow them to feel the high that they seek, they are likely to try cocaine and, unfortunately, conk out given up. * The topic sentence makes a claim that is unfeignedly PRESUMPTUOUS What evidence does the author do that people normally become addicted to marijuana? Has a employment be that?Even if some people do become accustomed to the feelings of pleasure associated with marijuana, it is a big assumption to set up that they will need something stronger. It is an even bigger assumption to determine that they will try cocaine as the stronger drug. * Ad Hominem (a. k. a. low blows) a personal attack on an reverse rather than dealing logically with the issue itself * Another reason why teens should not be allowed to drive is because they do not make good decisions. Teenagers have not developed the social skills mandatory to be ourteous drivers. They are self-centered people whose negative attitudes are clearly seen in the slipway that the currently behave eyepatch on the road. * The topic sentence states that teenagers do not make good decisions.The writers first primary support does fix to prove the TS because it answers the WHY question about the TS. However, the secondary support is erroneous. Instead of providing more than evidence about the PS (by respondent one of the appropriate questions associated with it), the writer insults teenager by saying they have negative attitudes and poor behavior. Red herring (the un contendn ammunition) an argument in which the writer introduces an inappropriate point * Another way that wicked immigrants go to the economy is by working. despite doing back-breaking work, many of the immigrants are scarce remunerative minimum wage.People who hire immoral immigrants backside pay them lower payoff than a regular U. S. worker because the i llegal immigrant has no rights. Employers who hire illegal immigrants receive they can save money if they hire them, and they know the immigrants will not tell anyone because of the business organization of being deported. The writer has deep in thought(p) his/her focus. The topic sentence specifies that the illegal immigrant workers contribute to the economy. Thus, readers will expect to see the distinguishable ways that the workers do that (e. g. , the jobs they obtain and HOW those jobs contribute to the economy, possibly the goods they buy and HOW they contribute to the economy). However, the writer spends the entire paragraph focusing on how the illegal immigrant workers are dirtyly treated. Their unfair word has nothing to do with their donation to the economy.Logical Fallacies?TUDENT HANDOUT LOGICAL FALLACIES Explanation of Logical Fallacies * What is logic? * Logic is reasoning that is conducted according to strict principles. * How is logic related to expository wri ting? * When you write an expository essay, you are using logic to provide the layers of proof for your statements. * You are proving your thesis when you construct your topic sentences. * e. g. , answering the Why, How, What are they questions about the thesis * You are proving your topic sentences when you construct your primary supports * e. g. answering the Why, How, What are they questions about the topic sentence * You are proving/fleshing out your primary support when you construct your secondary supports. * e. g. , answering the What do you mean, Tell me more, Why, How, What are they questions about the primary supports * You can think of logic/reasoning as the answers to the questions that prove the thesis, topic sentences, and primary supports. * What is a logical fallacy? * A logical fallacy (a. k. a. rhetorical fallacy) is an error in reasoning. In expository writing, it is the wrong answer to one of the questions.There are many reasons why people come up with the wrong answers. Some of the most common reasons are listed below (see Different Types of Logical Fallacies). * Logical fallacies in writing signal two assumptions about the writer * The writer is not honest * The writer is not smart. * Uses for Logical Fallacies * Writers of advertisements, editorials, and political propaganda will use logical fallacies to their advantage. Different Types of Logical Fallacies * Circular Logic (a. k. a. smoke and mirrors) an argument in which the writer supports his/her position by partially restating it. Another effect of academic failure is negative feelings. Depression, resulting from academic failure, will lower a persons self-esteem. Similarly, depression will increase based a persons despondency about the lack of employment options available to them because of their academic setbacks. * The topic sentence states that one result of academic failure is negative feelings. Thus, the reader will expect the writer to explain HOW academic failure causes neg ative feelings. The reader may also expect the writer to explain WHAT the negative feelings are. Depression is one type of negative feeling.However, the writer does not show how academic failure causes depression. Instead, he/she states that depression will lower a persons self-esteem, which is very similar to depression. In the next sentence, the writer states that depression will increase based on a persons despondency about the lack of employment. Because despondency is the same as depression, the writer has said absolutely nothing by making that statement. Moreover, he/she has lost the direct connection between academic failure and negative feelings when he/she chose to include employment. * Non Sequitur (a. k. a.Lying) It does not follow. A statement in which the conclusion does not logically follow the premise. * Another problem with the current drinking age of 21 is that it results in abusive consumption. One way it results in abusive consumption is the long anticipation fo r the appropriate age, which is likely to create excessive drinking after it becomes available. A lot of young people who reach the legal age tend to go overboard when they are finally able to drink whenever they want. They do not care about their limits and the consequences of irresponsible drinking because nobody can tell them not to drink.As a result, they end up drinking too much. Another way it causes abusive drinking is that teenagers under the age of 21 are driven by the temptation of illegal activity. The age limit has not eliminated drinking for people under 21. Instead, it has pushed them to do it in private environments, where they can hide from parents and the law. * The topic sentence specifies that the current drinking age results in the abusive consumption of alcohol. In order to prove this topic sentence, the writer would have to answer the HOW question with regard to the topic sentence.To be specific, HOW does current drinking age lead to the excessive consumption o f alcohol? Although the writer does answer the question, he/she provides incorrect answers. First, the writer contends that people who have to wait until a certain age to drink alcohol go overboard because theyve waited so long. This is not true People who are unable to control their behavior are likely a certain personality type, not a certain age. Even if the age were to change to eighteen (as the writer of this paper suggested), people with this particular personality type would still have the same problem.Second, the writer contends that people under the age of 21 are driven by a temptation to participate in illegal activity. Again, this is not true People who have an affinity for illegal activity can be any age. Unless the writer can cite several reputable studies that confirm his/her claim, it is entirely false. * Slippery Slope (a. k. a. Exaggerating) assuming that one thing will cause something extremely drastic. * Smoking marijuana will lead to cocaine addiction. When youn g people smoke marijuana, they normally become addicted to the feelings of pleasure that they derive from the activity.Once people become used to those feelings, they will seek something stronger. Eventually, they will try harder drugs. Cocaine is one of the harder drugs and very addictive. As young people seek a harder drug that will allow them to feel the high that they seek, they are likely to try cocaine and, unfortunately, become addicted. * The topic sentence makes a claim that is REALLY PRESUMPTUOUS What evidence does the author have that people normally become addicted to marijuana? Has a study proven that?Even if some people do become accustomed to the feelings of pleasure associated with marijuana, it is a big assumption to determine that they will need something stronger. It is an even bigger assumption to determine that they will try cocaine as the stronger drug. * Ad Hominem (a. k. a. low blows) a personal attack on an opponent rather than dealing logically with the is sue itself * Another reason why teenagers should not be allowed to drive is because they do not make good decisions. Teenagers have not developed the social skills needed to be ourteous drivers. They are self-centered people whose negative attitudes are clearly seen in the ways that the currently behave while on the road. * The topic sentence states that teenagers do not make good decisions.The writers first primary support does begin to prove the TS because it answers the WHY question about the TS. However, the secondary support is erroneous. Instead of providing more evidence about the PS (by answering one of the appropriate questions associated with it), the writer insults teenager by saying they have negative attitudes and poor behavior. Red Herring (the hidden ammunition) an argument in which the writer introduces an irrelevant point * Another way that illegal immigrants contribute to the economy is by working. Despite doing back-breaking work, many of the immigrants are barel y paid minimum wage.People who hire illegal immigrants can pay them lower wages than a regular U. S. worker because the illegal immigrant has no rights. Employers who hire illegal immigrants know they can save money if they hire them, and they know the immigrants will not tell anyone because of the fear of being deported. The writer has lost his/her focus. The topic sentence specifies that the illegal immigrant workers contribute to the economy. Thus, readers will expect to see the different ways that the workers do that (e. g. , the jobs they obtain and HOW those jobs contribute to the economy, perhaps the goods they buy and HOW they contribute to the economy). However, the writer spends the entire paragraph focusing on how the illegal immigrant workers are unfairly treated. Their unfair treatment has nothing to do with their contribution to the economy.