Chinese Influence On Your Culture Essay Example for Free

Chinese Influence On Your Culture EssayHistorically, Vietnam has undergone galore(postnominal) wars with several(prenominal) countries all over the world. After each war, Vietnamese culture was exercised by those countries. Especially, china is the huge country, which dominated Vietnam for a atomic number 19 years, (countryside, n,d). Thus, it is no surprise that Vietnamese culture has been affected by Chinese culture in many aspects such(prenominal) as calendar, manner of speaking, religion and food.The most obvious influence can be seen is the calendar. In Vietnam, there are two different kinds of calendar. First calendar is International calendar, which is counted by the suns circulation. Another calendar is counted by the moons circulation, which is also known as lunar calendar, (fullmoonphases, n.d). Based on lunar calendar, we confound some celebrations such as Lunar New Year, which is also called Tet holiday. It is the most important celebration in both countries. besides that, in August of lunar calendar, Vietnamese boast Moon day on 15th, August, which is known as Mid-Autumn festival. In that day, Vietnamese eat moon cakes and children bring lanterns, walking around their neighbors houses. Vietnam and China share similarities in celebrations due to the effect of Chinese calendar.Secondly, the influence of Chinese culture is apparent in Vietnamese language. Because China colonized Vietnam for over a thousand years, the Vietnamese language developed based on Chinese. In the 13th century, Chu Nom, which was known as Vietnamese writing, was developed but it was not popular in mundane life of Vietnamese, (lonelyplanet, n.d). Until the 15th century, Vietnamese still used traditional Chinese language and after the middle of 20th century, it was superseded by the new, Latin alphabet, (languagetranslation, n.d). However, the greatest influence on Vietnamese language is Chinese language. It is about 60% of the Vietnamese words that can be known as original Sino-Vietnamese, (Chinatravel, 2014). Besides language that Vietnamese use daily, Chinese also affect Vietnamese literature. When tidy sum go to high school, they have to study creation and poetics in origin from China. Up to now, Chinese language still exists in Vietnam as a valuable subculture.Apart from the influences that have been mentioned above, the transformation of apparitional views is also remarkable owing to Chinas domination. Confucianism appeared in Vietnam in the first century by Chinese, when they were dominating Vietnam. It advocates a code of social behavior that man ought to observe so as to live in harmony with society and attain happiness in his individual life, (Huynh, n.d). Moreover, this religion has a slight point of view about world beyond and death. Besides that, Buddhism is one of the greatest religions all over the world. It is very popular in Asia, (history, n.d). In the second century B.C. Buddhism was introduced by Chinese and Indian, who came by ocean, (Huynh, n.d). As those religious view dated, they have become popular and developed prosperously in Vietnam, especially Buddhism.Finally, Chinese also has wide impacts on Vietnamese cuisine. Vietnamese have rice and vegetable for their mean meals daily. During the time of domination, Chinese people spread their cooking methods to Vietnamese. For example, they taught Vietnamese how to steam and stew in clay pots, (southeastfood, n.d). Furthermore, in some special occasions, both Vietnamese and Chinese people have typical dishes for each celebration. For instance, Lunar New Year is the biggest festival that has tangerines and oranges. It is known as prospered and wealthy fruit.Nevertheless, Chinese and Vietnamese do not organize tangerines and oranges in fours because this number is believed to have a connection with the death, (chow, n.d). In addition, typical food in Mid-Autumn festival is Moon cake. It is made of flour, pork, egg and a lot of kinds of peas, (chinese food, n.d). During of this time, Vietnamese usually eat moon cakes and drink tea with their family. It is obvious that thanks to China domination, Vietnamese cuisine had a novel and wonderful break-through.In conclusion, the Vietnamese share many similarities in culture with Chinese because of the domination of Chinese. A thousand years is really such a long time to be colonized. Moreover, when Chinese had dominated Vietnam, they left behind many terrible consequences. For example, many people died and Vietnamese had to live independently during the war, which occurred betweenVietnam and China. On the other hand, Chinese directed Vietnamese about language, religions and cuisine in the period of national construction. Up to present, even though Vietnam is a dependent country and about to become a developed country, Vietnamese culture is still influenced by Chinese.

Relationship is an exploratory journey Essay Example for Free

Relationship is an exploratory journey EssayJanie grew up to find herself done each of her relationships. Her subdued smellstyle with her grandmother, her subdued and rather painful existence with her first save Logan, her disillusionment after her initial enchantment with her second husband Jody, and her unfortunate killing of the husband she so loved, Tea prevention, on the whole help her to recognize her for who she is and by the end of the novel, she is at peace with herself. This inner peace comes round by several twists and turns. She recognizes the various aspects of her own personality through her interactions in each of her relationships.She begins to understand that she might be more than a young female child whose responsibility has to be transferred from the matronly care of her grandmother to matrimonial bond to a unsympathetic husband during her first marriage. She realizes that she is more than an enchanted woman who wants be more than a socially acceptable companion to an ambitious and ruthless man during her second marriage. In her last marital relationship she begins to understand and esteem her own need to be vivacious, lively and have equitable times with good comp any(prenominal) without the need to be apologetic or the need to be unaware of her partners shortcomings.In the death of her last husband Tea Cake at her own hand, she realizes that Life does not offer any linear solutions to the problems of relationships. Besides, she also understands that as a person she values her own individual survival is basic for her pursuit of happiness. Her confidence at having endured lifes trials and tests and having coming out not unscathed but with her individuality intact is mistaken for aloofness by her townsfolk. Finally, her revelations to her old friend Pheoby about her life at last give her a sense of ful containment.Janie grows up in life through her relationships and that is why she has the confidence to reveal her friend that Ah been a delegate to de bigssociation of life. Yessuh De universal gravitational constant Lodge, de big convention of livin is just where Ah been(10) Janie started off in her childhood with a blind confidence that she was entitled to everything like everyone else. She did not realize she was colored gutter she saw herself in a photograph and could not recognize herself. When, the rest of the children and the people of the house pointed her out in the photograph, she exclaimedAw, aw Ahm colored (p. 13) She was taught by her nanny before she was married to Logan Killicks that De nigger woman is de mule uh de world so fur as Ah can see. (p. 20) Her completely subjugated relationship with Logan who was far former(a) than her made her realize that perhaps she wanted more out of life. She wanted to feel a wanting in her heart and her body for a man, a true companion. That is what drove her into the arms of Jody, an ambitious, would-be politician. He was enchanting and had a manner th at befitted his yet-to-acquire status.What she did not realize was Jody wanted her to be performing a accompaniment role in his life. There was no fun in Jody because he always looked at life as a mission to be accomplished. She had to tell Jody that he was no fun to be with Everybody cant be lak you, Jody. Somebody is bound tuh want tuh laugh and play(p. 76) She was so offended by Jodies denying her right to be herself, which she began to realize slowly with growing years and experience, she did not even care to be polite to a dying man.In fact Jodies death filled her with a sense of relief. Her realization that any relationship can come to the end of its utility and can fill a person with an unmentionable need for it to end came with Jodies death. After this growing distancing from Jody and his loftiness, which prevented Janie from living the life as a tribute to all calamity of happiness, Tea Cake entered. Janie looked down on him and felt a self-crushing love. So her soul cra wled out from its hiding place (p. 122)Though Tea Cake gave her a brief scare by running away from her with her money, he returned to confess and begin their new life. His vivaciousness and his love for life was something that Janie had always wanted. For her the sweet pain and the all encompassing love she experienced under a pear tree were realized in her years with Tea Cake. But as all good things it also had to come to an end. The fearsome hurricane that they fled, the rabid dog that bit Tea Cake and its ill-effects on his personality and character were all revelations of the uncertainties of life.Janie had to kill Tea Cake in self defense and was acquitted in a trial consisting of all-male, all-white jury yet another affirmation that Life had its strange ways of indicating its without end possibilities. Now, women forget all those things they dont want to remember, and remember everything they dont want to forget. The dream is the truth. Then they act and do things accordingl y. (3) The net place she comes back to is her hometown Eatonville. There, the act of sharing her lifes story with her friend fills her with a sense of completeness.Her relationship with her friend when she interacts very minimally with the townsfolk, allowing them to imagine all kinds of negative things about her, is a final revelation. The narration of the story was a necessity to herself as it was for Pheoby to know the facts. Her growth as a woman and a human being through her quadruplet major relationships in life is given a chance to be framed in perspective by her relationship with her friend somebody with whom she shares no burden of expectation Works cited Hurston, Zora Neale and Jerry Pinkney Their eyes were watching God. Chicago University of Illinois Press, 1991

Obama and Bush in the Iraq war Essay Example for Free

Obama and bush-league in the Iraq struggle EssayOn April 11, 1991, the Gulf war ended with a cease fire that was negotiated between the united States and its entirelyy and Iraq. A policy of containment was maintained by the United States and its allies towards Iraq. This policy encompassed various economic sanctions by the United Nations Security Council, the enforcement by the United States and United landed estate of Iraki no flying z aces and inspections to prevent Iraq from developing chemical, biological and nuclear weapons. In October 1998, the United States official policy toward Iraq became regime change with the musical passage of the Iraqi liberation act. The act provided for the transition of Iraq to a democracy following the withdrawal of United Nations weapons inspectors. This legislation however did not correspond with the statuss that were coif out in United Nations Security Council Resolution 687 which basically focused on weapons and weapons programs and made no mention of change of regime. The United States and the United Kingdom launched the Operation Desert Fox one month after the Iraq outpouring Act was passed. The rationale behind the campaign was to restrict the ability of ibn Talal Husseins government to divulge chemical, biological and nuclear weapons.On the other hand, United States national security personnel hoped that the exercise would weaken ibn Talal Husseins grip on designer. With the election of Bush as the United States president in 2000, the United States became actively inclined toward the policy of regime change in Iraq. The Republicans campaign became prior to the elections called for complete implementation of Iraq Liberation Act and the ousting of ibn Talal Hussein. The invasion of Iraq may encounter been planned since the inauguration with the first National security meeting discussing the invasion (Hamilton, 2004).However, there are alike claims that the National Security Council discussions were a co ntinuation of Clintons administrations foreign policy. However, little formal step was made by the Bushs administration toward invasion despite its stated enkindle in liberating Iraq until the September 11, 2001 attacks on the twin towers. The rationale behind the invasion of Iraq after the 9/11 attacks has been questioned as there was little to suggest that ibn Talal Hussein had all cooperation with Al Qaeda. Shortly after the attack, President Bush announced the new war on terrorism which was backed by the doctrine of preventive military action.Why Bush Started the War The Bushs administration considered ibn Talal Hussein Hussein to be a study distraction and menace not only to the Statesn security but also to global peace. As such, the only centering to guarantee the global stability and peace was by ousting Saddams regime. The administration believed that Saddam possessed weapons of mass destruction and thus rushed to conquer the country before they could fire any weapon. The administration also believed that Saddam was a major sponsor of terrorists and with the 9/11 attacks, the American people were thirsting for almost form of action.The electorate of the United States was skillfully convinced that the best solution to the problem of terrorism was to engender Saddam Hussein. As such, the main reason that was given by the Bushs administration as a justification for the invasion was the Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction. Other reasons were that Saddam supported terrorism and held the people of Iraq captive. Another primary motive which was however not stated with regard to the invasion of Iraq was the consolidation of petroleum resources in Iraq (Holtzman, 2006).A write up which was commissioned before the September attacks by Dick Cheney indicated unambiguously identifies Iraq as the main destabilizing influence to the flow of oil to the international markets from the mettle East. The report also indicated that Saddam had expressed a l eadingness to threaten to employ the oil weapon and to use his own export program to influence and manipulate oil markets. Iraq was a destabilizing influence to global oil flow from the Middle East and therefore United States military intervention was inevitable (Moore, 2004). Within the American rarified design for the conception, oil plays a major role.The Middle East id the only place that is capable of satisfying the demand for oil as it contains the worlds largest reserves. An increase in the demand for oil was conceived by the Bush administration as inevitable, and Iraq was a stumbling block. The invasion was thus necessary for the United States to guarantee its verve needs. By securing a strategic position in the Gulf region through establishing a friendly and compliant government in Iraq, the United States will not only manage check the OPEC but also influence the conduct of other global powers.Why Obama is against the war According to Obama, Iraqs invasion without any cl ear rationale and without strong international support had the capacity to lead to instability not only in Iraq but also in the Middle East (Ambinder, 2007). The invasion, according to him, would fuel sectarian warfare. The Sunnis, having been empowered by Saddam, were likely to discover that they were the targets of Shia radicals who sought for revenge for the way that they were treated and power to control Iraqs future.Iraqs insurgence will thus be inspired, not only by the desire to kill the Americans but also by the ambition to be in power when the United States leaves. Obama also opposed the war because he envisioned a situation whereby the attacks would increase leading to the death of more(prenominal) American young people. The balance between Obama and Bush with regard to Iraqi war became clear in 2007. The year marked a critical turning point in the war in Iraq. It was during this period that Iraq sunk into a state of savage sectarian chaos with three thousand civilians d ying every month.It was also during this period that the American people lost hope in the war and were thus prepared to bring the troops back to America. However, instead of letting the soldiers go back to America, a move that was favored by both Republicans and Democrats, Bush ordered a troop surge to ease the violence, suppress al Qaeda in Iraq and grade the stage for political reconciliation. Obama had much to say concerning this issue, predicting that the surge would not be effective (Stone, 2009). Obama was not convinced that the twenty thousand additional troops would not solve the sectarian violence in Iraq.According to him, the effect will instead be reversed (Obama, 2002). This move, in his watch over, would not solve the long term political strife between the pagan and religious groups in Iraq. Obama believed that strategic defense is a much more preferable approach to the entire war, an idea that many people seem to agree with. He opposed the war on the premise that t he United states did not know how much it was going to cost, what the cronk strategy would be and how the invasion itself will affect the relationship of the United States with the rest of the world.Again, he doubted the soundness of the American intelligence and held that capturing Bin Laden ought to devour been the priority. Obama felt that because Al Qaeda had not been put to rest, it may act as distraction. Obama conceived of the invasion of Iraq unwise use of the military. According to him, the invasion brought more problems than solutions as more and more money was being used, more American soldiers were being killed and Al Qaeda had grown stronger.With regard to the reduction of the surge due to the deployment of more troops, Obama felt that it the reduction of violence was mainly as a result of the sacrifice by the soldiers. According to Obama, the Bush administrations judgment concerning the length of the war, the conception of America by the Iraqis as the liberator and t he view that there was no history of violence between the Shiite and the Sunni were all wrong. Obama referred to the war in Iraq as a dangerous distraction. His view is that central front in the war on terror was never Iraq but the terrorist themselves.As such, his position is that the terrorists should be attacked nowadays. His new strategy has therefore been to directly fight Al Qaeda in Afghanistan and Pakistan. His first priority has been to end the war in Iraq as he had opposed it from the onset. With his position that the war in Iraq was unnecessary, Obama has made it his responsibility to redeploy the United States combat troops that propel Iraqi leaders toward a political solution, rebuild the military and refocus on Afghanistan and broader American security interests.His plan is to remove the combat brigades from Iraq by 2010 and to send additional combat brigades to Afghanistan. The worth of Iraqi war Assessing the worth of Iraq war requires that one reflects upon whateve r would give birth happened in the Bush administration would acquire not gone to war in March 2003. There is no secret concerning the things that have gone wrong ever since the United States invaded Iraq but it cannot also be assumed that everything would have gone right if the United States had not invaded Iraq.It is a fact that there was a heavy casualty which does not go well with the American public. However, there is need to address what the alternative to war would have meant. umteen people agree that Saddam was not the best leader. Other individuals like Madeleine Albright compared him to Hitler, a comparison that cannot be far from the truth in many respects. Saddam had contempt for human life, killing thousands of his own citizens beside threatening and butchering his neighbors. It may therefore be argued that removing such a man from power was worth some sacrifice.A more intriguing question is however whether the failure of the United States to go to war with Iraq in 2 003 would have produced a lasting peace or would have postponed war. It may be said that Saddam would have pushed toward confrontation and war regardless of what might have been done. He brutally and patiently pushed his way to power in Iraq after which he impatiently and brutally made himself the dominant figure in the Middle East and the Persian Gulf. In all these instances, he employed war and the threat of war as his principal tools.In short, Saddam was in every conceivable way a threat not only to his people but also to world peace. However, some individuals have argued that even though Saddam posed a threat to world peace and stability, he would have been contained through sanctions and no-fly zones which would have acted as deterrence (Hunt, 2008). This argument was advanced even before the war even with the belief that he had weapons of mass destruction. For the majority of Americans, the question of whether the war was worth fighting revolves around whether the weapons of m ass destruction were recovered or not.However, the major issue is whether Saddam could have been contained. Even though the war in Iraq has remained unpopular, the Iraqi people can claim some success with regard to the introduction of democracy. With the help of the United States, the Iraqi people have been successful in establishing the first Arab democracy. This is a major achievement with regard to the war on terror and for the purpose of liberty. The different ethnic and religious groups can now work together in a national army.They have made important steps in repossessing their country from the insurgents that have invaded their homeland. The Iraqi troops are solely responsible for clearing the Basra and Sadr City. The oppressive regime of Saddam Hussein was ousted. Conclusion The main difference between Obama and Bush on Iraq war lies in the objective of the invasion. The bushs administration saw it as a war against terrorism while Obama felt that there were better slipway o f fighting terrorism rather than invading Iraq. A sensible argument for the invasion was not that Saddam was about to attack anyone with a nuclear bomb.It was that the preservation of containment would nit have been indefinite and that Saddam was defying the international community repeatedly and that this defiance seemed to both the Clinton and Bush administration to be succeeding gradually. It may therefore be argued that if the Bush administration would have not gone to war then the United States would have faced a more daring and dangerous Saddam Hussein. References Ambinder, M. (2007, April 21). Obamas Iraq evolution. National Journal, 39(16), 79-80. Retrieved on March 29, 2009 from EBSCO host database. Hamilton, W. (2004, April 17).Bush began to plan war three months after 9/11. The Washington Post, p. A01. Holtzman, E. (2006). The impeachment of George W. Bush A handbook for concerned citizens, New York Nation Books. Hunt, T. (2008. March 18). Bush Iraq war worth it. The Huf fington Post, Moore, J. (2004). Bushs war for reelection Iraq, the White House, and the people. John Wiley Obama, B. (2002, October). Barrack Obamas 2002 speech against the Iraq war. Retrieved on April 23, 2009, responsibly ending the war in Iraq. (n. d. ). The White House. Stone, M. (2009, May 9). Bush 2007 v. Obama 2009? The Global Buzz. Retrieved on March 29, 2009,

Comparison of UK and Indian Cultures

Comparison of UK and Indian CulturesIntroductionIn this era of globalization in clientele environment, companies ar expanding their moving in all over the world, i.e. in antithetic countries and all(prenominal) of them with divergent glosss. One atomic number 18a in particular of growing sizeableness is inter cultural c ar skills. Culture in international business nowadays is recognized to defy a major role to play in the international sales, marketing, recruitment, management and mergers.In pathetic, culture is behind e realthing we do or say.(www.kwintessential.co.uk)Therefore, in the international and multi-cultural business community, there argon very much possibilities of mistakes which plunder have a negative effect on the race which will intern affect the productivity of the organization. This complexity requires a manager to adapt in order to leave modern solutions to these problems. (www.kwintessential.co.uk)Culture isSomething shared by all or almost all me mbers of some social collection.Something older members of a base try to get through to younger members.Something (as in the case of morals, laws, and customs) that shapes behavior, or structures ones perception of he world.Therefore culture is all that one subscribe tos to know in order to be accepted in a society or an organisation which is a sum total of all the beliefs, values and norms shared by a group of batch who have been brought up in a society to think, feel, interpret and react in a particular manner. Or it is a human need of adapting to circumstances and transmitting these skills and knowledge to the next generations. It undersurface also be said as culture as mental programming is also watch crystal of history in the hands, minds and hearts of the present generation. (Hofstede, 2001).This essay will talk ab break the cultural difference amongst India which is my home culture and UK which is the counterpart. I have chosen UK because I have been to UK for my Supe rvised Work Experience (SWE) and during my stay in UK I never paid attention towards the UK culture dimensions and would now a deal(p) to analyze with respect to the unlike models. But before that lets have a look at some customs or values that are fol uttered in these countriesIndia HinduismSocial freedom amongst the sexes is not holdd.Use of first name to address people is avoided.The method of greeting depends on the social status of the person you are meeting i.e. if a son is meeting his father usually he greets him by bowing down and touching his feet. Where as educated people, in business meeting shake hands to welcome or greet each other.If invited for dinner one may only have the dinner with the business fellow and not the whole family and do not get upset if you host asks you several times to have some more than food. It is Indian custom to actualise sure that the guest does not get up hungry from the table. Also at the table one should use the right hand in go throug h food as Indian consider left hand as impure.UKBritish people are formal, sophisticated, value privacy and are sensitive.Within UK controlled business environment, maintain decorum and avoid casualness in dress and conversation, loudness and shouting is too taboo.Family names and first name are preferred.British people are good negotiators as they are tolerant and good listeners.Fine manners and good etiquette are expected at all social occasions. sacrifice giving is not a normal custom in UK.(Harris, 2004 Rodrigues, 2001)Hofstede ModelCross-cultural study to find out the differences in national cultures, this was through with(p) by Hofstede across 60 different countries which included matched samples of business employees. These studies together identified four independent dimensions of national culture differences. The dimensions explored were Power distance, Uncertainty Avoidance, Individualism verses sovietism and Masculinity verses femininity.The first of four dimensions dis covered by Hofstede is called power distance. Power distance is the extent to which the less powerful member of an organization or an constitution accept and expect that the power is distributed unequally (Hofstede, 2001). The basic problem which is prevalent here is to what extent in a culture the degree of inequality between a less powerful individual and a spicy powerful individual is expected and accepted. India stands at the 10/11 position in the sketch with a score of 77 whereas big(p) Britain is on the 42/44 position with a score of only 35. ( send off appendices-)For example During my SWE the service operation mastermind of the whole hotel chain was very friendly, who was also the head of my department. I used to share my personal problems with her and even go out for dinner. This example would be merely analyzed in the competencies.The second dimension is labeled as uncertainty avoidance (UA). It refers to the extent a culture or organization prepares its members to feel booming or uncomfortable in an unstructured situation (Hofstede, 2001). The issue dissembled here is the level to which a culture or society would accept stiff laws and regulations over uncertainty and risk. Countries or cultures gain high on UA have long history and the population is homogeneous. Risks even calculated are avoided and freshly ideas and concepts are difficult to introduce whereas countries on low UA scores are completely opposite. Although there is not much of a difference in the ranks given by Hofstede but still India scores a higher rank than Great Britain, also this dimension does not have a major role in the core competencies.( see appendices-)The third is individualism and socialism which is the degree to which a culture stress on that right of an individual as compared to those of a group. Countries scoring high on individualism live in the I culture and strive for personal goals and achievements. In such countries it is acceptable to pursue personal goals at the expense of other. Whereas a country scoring low in individualism has the we culture. Individual desires and goal could be suppressed for the good of the group.For Example In UK culture people always consider themselves as an Individual, they are more bothered about themselves even if they belong to same family, whereas in India people consider each other as a part of a group and thats the reason joint families still exist in Indian society.The last one is maleness and femininity which refers to the distribution of role between the two genders i.e. male and female. Countries with high masculinity are observed to have the following characteristics i.e. Priorities in life for people are achievement, wealth and expansion. Usually people settle conflicts through aggressive meaning.Women and men have different roles in society. OftenProfessionals in these countries work for longer hours and short vacations. Whereas in counties which are low in masculinity the following is observed. Priorities are the family, relationships and quality of life.Conflicts are usually solved though talks.Men and women share equal positions in society.Masculinity/Femininity are equally powerful but in respect to Hofstede, 2006 research both India and UK share common Masculinity culture as in both of these cultures social gender roles are clearly distinct.( see appendices)Halls ModelThe vital distinction is made by the anthropologist Edward Hall between high and low- background cultures and how these contexts have an effect on intercourse. In High Context cultures high context communication information is either in the physical context or internalized in the person with little communication in the explicit words or message and on the other hand a low context culture communication most information is contained in explicit codes, such as words (Harris, 2004).High context cultures depend heavily on the external environment, situations, and non-verbal behavior in creating a nd interpreting communications. In high context cultures when individuals communicate they try to find out how much the listener knows about what is cosmos discussed. People in high context cultures try on interpersonal relationships, also developing trust is very important factor or beat which should be made before starting a business. People are collectivist and work on their intuition rather than on reasons and are more indirect as well as formal. India is high context culture.Whereas in Low Context cultures the environment is less important, and non -verbal behavior is often ignored. While communication is going on the listener knows nothing or little and need to be told about what is being discussed. People in low context cultures emphasize legal documents rather than inter personal relationships or trust. People are individualistic and work based on logical reasoning and not on intuition, also they are direct and informal. UK is a low context culture.For example During my SWE I was asked by my colleague to help her with the work load. Instead of saying I can not, I said it would be difficult. The example would be analyzed in the competencies areas.The second concept given by Hall was to do with the how different cultures structure or manage their time i.e. polychronic verses the monochronic time orientation. The polychronic cultures believe in doing many things at one time and the monochronic cultures believe in doing one delegate at given point of time and time is subordinate to interpersonal relationships. UK belongs to monochromic culture and India is a polychronic culture.Stereotyping other important factor or multivariate that the managers in the organization need to keep in mind is stereotyping. Stereotypes are set of attitudes that causes us to attribute qualities and characteristics to a person based on the group to which that individual belongs. (Harris, 2004)It basically involves categorizing and making perceptions about people based on o nes experiences and it guides ones behavior towards that group of people in a particular way.TeamworkA group is a number of persons associated in same joint action, while teamwork is described as cooperative or coordinated effort on the part of persons workings together towards the actualization of a goal (Harris, 2004). A hotel firm can only survive if the employees are ready to work and produce an effective team. As each and every operation in the hospitality industry is interrelated to each other. For example front office is depended upon housekeeping department for clean board and restaurant is dependent on kitchen for cooking food. Thus in order to have a successful multicultural team member should have gratis(p) skills and should think in favor of the team.( example see appendices-)CommunicationAll activities involve communication. In the global era different managerial activities like motivating, leading, negotiation exchanging information etc are all based on the manager of one culture to communicate effectively and successfully to people of other cultures. Communication can not only verbal or written but also non-verbal i.e. ashes language, expressions etc (Adler, 1997). In international Hospitality and Tourism industries language plays a very important role, as both of these industries include direct guest contact good language and communication skills can either nark or name the impression of the organization especially hotels.( example see appendices)Conflict and dialogueConflict- A state of disharmony between incompatible or antithetical persons, ideas, or interests a clash(www.ANSWER.COM)Causes of conflictcommunication failurepersonality conflictvalue differencesgoal differencesmethodological differencessubstandard performancelack of cooperationdifferences regarding authoritydifferences regarding tariffcompetition over resourcesnon-compliance with rules(www.geocities.com)These are some of the factors which causes conflict in an working environment of an organization which needed to be resolved through various modes and meansForceNegotiateBargainAvoidAccommodation and Appease(Mead 19982005)The most important tool is negotiation whichs is used to resolve conflictNegotiation is a process in which two or more entities come together to discuss common and conflicting interests in order to reach an agreement of joint benefit (Harris, 2004). In international business negotiation, there can be mis deduceing due the difference in the culture to culture in language, cultural conditioning, negotiation style, approach to problem solving etc. Negotiation plays a very important role in Hospitality and Tourism Industries, such as negotiation on room rate with guests and travel agents in different countries etc. As India belongs to polychromic culture, while taking decisions people from India tend to involve other people (colleagues) into the negotiation process which makes the process longer. This also confirms the stereotype as sociated with them. This also happens as India a collectivist and high PDI country. Whereas UK which is monochromic culture they see time as an asset and quantity to be scheduled, they emphasize on making agendas and finish the work or taking the decision in time. Negotiation can also be effected by the communication style of the country i.e. as explained earlier the concept of high and low context cultures i.e. misunderstanding due to lack of clarity amongst the two cultures thus leading to unsatisfactory results of negotiation.Evaluating my ego- Me, As a managerAfter completing my reflective practice fitting and following up the tasks given to us. After doing the Hofstedes measuring cultural differences approach model or exercise and I found that I measured masculinity more than femininity which clarifies that the job which is given or I undertake is done to get personal sense of accomplishment and I look for new and challenging opportunities for a high success .I would describe my self as low power distance human being as I would like to work with those mangers which makes decision by considering all the employees view points rather making their own personal decision I would focused more on collectivism rather on Individualism as I look for more opportunities to improve upon my skills and develop new skills by adapting to new working conditions ( see appendices- )Cultures are normally attributed to groups of people but, within group each individual has his/her own individual characters which make the person stand out from others. I would describe my self as a good listener, good observer, cooperative with employees, Flexible and competitive (see appendices-). These individual characteristics make me stand out from other members of different cultures. The results of CCAI indicate that my strongest are is Personal Autonomy and my weakest area is Flexibility/Openness. While scores in Emotional Resilience and Perceptual Activity almost the same.( see appendice s-) The area in which I lack the most is communication among different cultures while I can easily handle situations in which things do not go as per plan or situations and in which stress and tolerance occurs. I lack in area where I am expected to communicate among different cultures, patronage of the fact that, I would love to spend some time with people from different cultures. By improving my intercultural skills such as communication i.e. how to react on different ideas, people and experiences and I should not focus on what other people are saying and doing rather make my own decisions. This will make me a better person while I am in different culture and in my own culture. Also I should learn to appreciate different people and expenses.In the next six months by following up the action plan I would improve on my communication skill by reading novels and newspapers and also at the same time try interact and discuss on different issues with people in college whom I normally dont interact with, as it will also help me in appreciating different people as well. Completing this exercise would help me in dealing with different people at my future work place and also communicating effectively with them.(see appendices-)Conclusion and RecommendationsThe main focus of this essay was to analyze similarities and dissimilarities among Indian and UK cultures. This was done though use of two models of cultural analysis done by Hofstede and Hall. It was realized that both the cultures are too different from each other. As hospitality and tourism industry are growing at a rapid scale and due to globalization of the business, the demand for multicultural employees is increasing, but managing employees from totally different cultures like in India or UK would be great challenge faced by the managers in the industry. Also international visitors often expect that service providers should understand and respect their customs, beliefs and cultures, if not it may lead to cross c ultural conflicts. Following are the recommendations for UK and India based managersCross cultural training should be provided to the employees so that they can adjust in new cultures. Information about other cultures should be provided which will lead to better understanding amongst the employees and enhanced teamwork.While communicating with Britishers, Indian people should use simple words which are grammatically correct should be used and direct communication should take place as British people belong to a low context culture and prefer messages/communication to be structured directly, that they get immediate to the point and state conclusions and interpenetrate line.Proper understanding of other cultures and choosing appropriate negotiation process can produce effective and useful negotiation. A manager must find out the common and the uncommon values of his and counterparts culture in order to conduct effective and successful negotiation. While negotiating between UK and Indi an cultures, managers should take care of the body languages, Gestures and use of grammatically correct language for communications should be used also, importance of time should be taken into consideration.Cross cultural training should be provided to the employees so that they can adjust in new cultures. Information about other cultures should be provided which will lead to better understanding amongst the employees and enhanced teamwork.Another consideration for global managers is that they should have/develop good listening skill.BibliographyAdler .N.J, (1997), International Dimensions of organizational Behavior, 4th Edition, South-Western, United States.Abercrombie.N and Warde .A( 2001), The Contemporary British Society, Black well PublishersLtd, Great Britian.Brislin. W.Richard , ( 1981), Cross Cultural Encounters, Pergamon Press, USA.Brislin.W. Richard and Cushner. K,( 1996), Intercultural Interactions, 2ed , Sage Publications, USA.Barker. C.( 2002) , Making Sense of Cultura l Studies , Sage Publications, London.Conflict Definition, Synonyms, from answers.com ( online) cited on 2 November universal resource locator http//www.answers.com/topic/conflictFrancesco, A. M. Gold, B. A. (2005) International Organizational Behavior Texts, cases and exercises Upper Saddle Row, New Jersey, Pearson/ apprentice Hall.Grazia. V.(1981), The Cultural Of Content,University of Cambridge , CambridgeHooker.J,(2003) , Working Across Cultural , Standford University Press, Califonia.Hofstede .G ,(1985) , The Cultural Relativity of Organizational Practises and Theories , London.Harris. P., Robert .T. M Sarah. V. M, 2004, Managing Cultural Differences world(prenominal) Leadership Strategies for 21st century, 6th Edition, Elsevier, London.Hodgetts. R, Luthans. F, Doh. J, 2006, International Management Culture, Strategy, and Behavior, 6th Edition, Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Company Ltd, New Delhi.Hofstede. G, 2001, Cultures Consequences, 2nd Edition, Sage Publications, Lond onKwintessential (2008), Intercultural Training (online) cited on 3 December URL http//www.kwintessential.co.uk/cultural-services/intercultural-training.htmlMead, R. 1998 International Management Cross Cultural Dimensions 2nd pas seul Cambridge MA. Blackwell PublishersMead, R. 2005 International Management Cross Cultural Dimensions 3rd edition Cambridge MA. Blackwell PublishersRodriguez. C, 2001, International Management A cultural Approach, 2nd Edition, South-Western College Publication, United KingdomRobinson. M.(1999) , Cultural Conflicts In Tourism Inevitablity and Inequality, CAB Publication, USASchneider.C.Susan. and Basoux Louis.J,( 1997), Managing Across Cultural , Prentice Hall, Europe. Storry.M and Childs. P.( 1997), British Cultural Identities,Routledge New YorkSamovar. A .Larry and Porter.E. Richard,( 2003) , Intercultural Communication , 10th edition , Thompson Learning, USASingh.Y.(2002),Culture Change In India,Rawat Publication, Jaipur.Yahoo Causes of conflict ( onl ine ) cited on 4 November url http//geocities.yahoo.com/causes of conflict

Macro-Environment of British Airways (BA)

Macro-Environment of British Airways (BA)One of the outstandinggest airlines in the UK is British Airways (BA) which is domination domestic and international flights in the UK. Its international flights go up to 150 destinations around the world which does not include its partners and franchise. only, from the last ten years BA is going through get laid to neck challenger as well as a lot of management occupations which is creating a lot of problems for the smart set and at the same time it is in addition victorious the business away.The assignment will let us know how is BA performing, what strategies plans argon to be used for the development of the company and arrive a good hold in the market. Things or Models wish well PESTEL, SWOT and Value Chain would help BA to come up with strategies that it would have good competition with it competitors. Strategies alike(p) amazeing down the prices as well as cost, at the same time promoting its brand and also taking interest in mergers and alliances which would bring the economy of the company up.INTRODUCTIONBAs main aim and focus is on providing high quality but at high prices but it is not like other flights who have low prices just to append their profit but at the same time they dont have any quality inspection and repair taking bespeak at all. BAs main targeted customers atomic number 18 the high class or in other words the Executive Class customers. This is because they earn their revenue from these customers only.But from the last ten years BA is going through a very challenging phase because its market rate and revenue both have dropped drastically and the reason for this is because of the increasing and new competition coming in the industry(Milmo, 2008) which is as explained through Porters 5 Forces. The main competitors for BA are Royal Dutch Airlines, Virgin Atlantic, EasyJet and Ryanair. To get through these competition, BA had come up with many strategies and also took advantage of its op portunities and strengths. This has been explained in SWOT analysis and also in TOWS and Porters generic wine Strategies.COMPANY HISTORY OVERVIEWBritish Airways Plc was once upon a time a subsidiary of Imperial Airways, which was created by merging four British airlines, this was taking flummox in somewhere in 1924. But, later on by 1939 for some period of time the brand had disappeared, but by 1974 when idea for nationalisation came for British Airlines .This was the time when two main airlines joined their hands and merged together i.e. British European Airways (BEA) and British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC) and formed into British Airways. In 1987 because of some financial problems the airline got privatised in 1987.BA, at the moment does not only caters service of carrying customers but also at the same time gives service of air cargo and mail service also(Bourne, 2007). To make its position in the market better BA is continuously coming up with new strategies, like giv ing to its customers advanced service, bringing in new aircrafts and having full corporation with its customers and at the same time taking responsibilities of theirs.To evaluate the external factors that critically impact the strategic decisions of the airlineMacro Environment of BA is explained belowMACRO ENVIRONMENT OF BRITISH AIRWAYSBefore coming up with any strategy for British Airways it is very important to analyse the Macro Environment of British Airways. Because of this reason PESTEL analysis is been done and the external factors are being highlighted that are effecting the business of the company and what opportunities should it take in and what can cause a big treat also at the same time.PESTEL Analysis(P)olitical FactorsTo make sure that the security of the passengers are good BA has to enhance its safety ways as per the needs of Department for Transport (DFT) (Memorandum from BA Plc, 2005). To work properly it is very important for to go according to the rules and regu lations set up by the Association of European Airlines (Buyck, 2010).(E)conomical FactorsAs per the economical factor in the year 2008 the spending of the consumers of UK declined drastically, this had taken place later on thirteen years because of which the competition in the market became more severe (The Telegraph, 2008).BAs full business totally depend on the executive class customers ,but practiced now the this has also decreased because of the cost cutting programs that are taking place in all industry.Even the daily changing oil prices do a lot to the company as taking financial decisions get very hard. And off lately because of the global economic meltdown that had taken place recently in that location has been a drastic drop in the Airline Industry.(S)ocial FactorsBargaining power of an employer has increased because there is an increasing rate of unemployment which is a big advantage to BA.As time is loss the demands of customers are increasing because of which facil ities and services are also changing because of which threats are also increasing. Ageing is also a problem that UK is facing a there are more old people than young , which means that the number of flyers will keep decreasing in the future. (Office for field Statistics, 2010).(T)echnological FactorsAs technology is increasing customers service at the same time is also improving. Comparing ticket prices online and knowing about the flight is very practically possible online, so customers find the best prices online. Because of which they tend to go more for low cost airlines.Not only cost can be prove out online but E-ticket reservations and online check in can also be done which is having a lot of popularity. BA needs to keep up with the development IT and also make sure that everything is user friendly.(E)nvironmental/Ethical FactorsEnvironment also plays a very important role in this. As time is passing customers are becoming more environment friendly and they want less polluti on. This is the only reason that expansion of Heathrow is having a lot of barriers as there is a lot of carbon gasses emission taking place(DFT, 2009). In the past BA had gone through noise pollution issue because of its Concorde flight.Ethical issues like misplacing of bags and cancellation of flights should be looked into or else the reputation of the brand will get lost.(L)egal FactorsMergers have to be kept to a very restricted (Ownership rules in America) which would show certain limitations in respect to the union on American Airlines with BA (Knibb, 2010). Waiting for trade union to take any action, it is better to keep good relationship with the unions so that there are no unions taking place.VALUE CHAINSUPPORT ACTIVITIESFirm InfrastructureStructural Organisation gives BA the facility to come up with better strategies as well as have better communication within the organisation. But, this can sometime effect the operations taking place in the company.Human Resource Managemen tOff lately BA has spent quite a lot in training programs so that they can cipher the best, so that these best can provide the best customer service (British Airways Annual Report, 2007-08).BA has gone through many problems like Cabin Crew strike, granting of ill absence and demand for increasing of wages(Gray, 2007).Technology DevelopmentBy introducing services online in the flight and communication facilities BA has got a chance to gain competitory advantage by creating value for its customersProcurementSince BA is a very old organisation it has got good relations because of which it can take advantage of and increase its economy by dealing with suppliers very well.PRIMARY ACTIVITIESInbound LogisticsThe important features how to control stocks, better training facilities (BA Press Office, 2008) and past good relationship with suppliers (e.g. penetration Gourmet Catering Services).OperationsFeatures like online check-in and e-booking attracts customers more.Outbound LogisticsCu stomers are allowed to choose which ever flight they want to and where ever they want to go and which every airport they want to land on, because of there are slots available at different airports.Marketing SalesWhen the financial background is strong there are many investments taking place and because of which more promotion takes place because of which the revenue gets improved. But, if the marketing strategies are not right and not that innovative then there are chances of loosing out of customers to another competitive flights.Post Sales ServicesGiving customers the chance to give their feedbacks and asking them to give their views which in turn helps BA to connect to its customers very well and improve themselves. Because of which the business and the company can incur profit.

Zoos Should be Banned :: Zoo Animals

Zoos atomic number 18 an unsuitable environment for wild animals and should, therefore, be abolished. Firstly, zoo animals are unplowed in a very confined area compared with their capacious natural habitat. Secondly, breeding programmes are far less successful than zoos claim. Thirdly, zoo animals are exposed to many diseases and other dangers.Zoo animals are usually kept in very cramped enclosures and do not behave like their wild counterparts. Polar bears, for example, are given about 10 metres of walking post whereas in their Arctic home they roam for many hundreds of kilometres. Similarly, primates, big cats and birds are often confined in cages where they lack exercise and stimulation. Many animals develop affected habits such as pacing back and forth or swaying from side to side.Supporters of zoos argue that they help to conserve endangered species, but in fact they are not very good at this. Even the world famous panda-breeding programme has been very costly and unsuccessfu l. Also, zoo intent does not prepare animals for the challenges of life in the wild. For example, two rare lynxes released into the wild in Colorado died from starvation even though the area was full of hares, which are a lynxs natural prey.The zoo is an unnatural environment that exposes animals to numerous dangers. Diseases often spread between species that would never live together naturally. For example, many Asian elephants have died in US zoos after catching herpes from African elephants. Furthermore, zoo animals are often exposed to chemicals, solvents and other toxic substances. Finally, it is common for visitors to tease and provoke caged animals.In conclusion, therefore, it is not true to say that zoos are educational or they help to protect endangered species.

Divisibility Argument :: essays research papers

DIVISIBILITY ARGUMENTThis paper will discuss the dualisms Divisibility Argument. This argument relies on Leibnizs Law and uses a assorted office to prove the distinctness of brain states of mental states. bloody shame, who is a materialist, presents several objections to that argument. Her main objection corresponds to the first/third-person approach. She believes that Dave presents that argument only from the first-person approach, which is introspection, and totally disregards the third-person approach, which is observation of another mind. Marys objections will follow by the Daves response on them from the dualists point of view.The purpose of the Divisibility Argument is to prove that mental states are different from the brain states. My body, which includes my brain, is divisible. However, I cannot conceive of my mind as divisible. Therefore, my mind is distinct from any part of my body.Descartes was the first who established the Divisibility Argument. He held that the two components which constitute military personnel had an independent origin and are of a fundamentally different nature. The body is divisible, since it can be separated for example, my leg or my hand can be cut off my brain can be cut on half. However, the idea of the divisible mind is inconceivable. This argument relies on the Leibnizs Law. It is a article of belief about identity, which says, if an object or event X is identical with an object or event Y, then X and Y have all of the said(prenominal) properties. So if X and Y have any different properties, then X can not be identical with Y. Divisibility Argument uses a different property to prove the distinctness of brain states and mental states the property of being indivisible. In this case, the mind has a property and brain lacks it. The body can be divided, however, it cannot be done with the mind.Mary has several objections to this argument. First, she believes that the mind is an entity, which is composed of several mental states thoughts, beliefs, memories, desires, etc. Mary strongly disagrees with Descartes claim that the mind employs itself in its different properties willing, desiring, understanding, and so on. Secondly, she clarifies the meaning of the word conceive in the Daves argument. The term conceive might mean either imagine or understand. Imagining literally involves forming an range of a function of or picturing in ones mind, whereas understanding is more conceptual and does not require the ability to picture something.