Metabolic Costs Of Generating Force :: essays research papers

ENERGETCS OF BIPEDAL RUNNING 1. METABOLIC COST OF GENERATING FORCE Summary Similarly sized bipeds and quadrupeds use nearly the same amount of metabolic energy to run, despite dramatic differences in morphology and running mechanics. It has been shown that the rate of metabolic energy use in quadrupedal runners and bipedal hoppers can be predicted from just body weight and time available to generate force as indicated by the foot ground contact. We tested whether this link between running mechanics and energetics also applied to running bipeds. We measured rates of energy consumption and times of foot contact for humans (mean body mass 78.88kg) and five species of bird mean body mass 0.13-40.1 kg). We find that most (70-90%) of the increase in metabolic rate with speed in running bipeds can be explained by changes in the time available to generate force. The rate of force generation also explains differences in metabolic rate over the size range of birds measured. However, for a given rate of force generation, birds use on average 1.7 times more metabolic energy than quadrupeds. The rate of energy consumption for a given rate of force generation for humans is intermediate between that of birds and quadrupeds. These results support the idea that the costs of muscular force production determines the energy cost of running and suggest that bipedal runners use more energy for a given rate of force production because they require a greater volume of muscle to support their body weight. Key words: locomotion, energetics, bipedal, bird, muscle force. Introduction The question of wither more energy is required to run on two or four legs was addressed 100 years ago when Zuntz (1897) performed some of the first measurements of metabolic energy consumption in running animals. He found that horses used less energy than humans to move a unit body weight a unit distance, and he speculated that there might be an energetic benefit to moving on four legs rather than two. However, subsequent measurements of oxygen consumption in running dogs showed that these quadrupeds use more energy per unit body mass to move a given distance than both humans and horses. Zuntz (1987) noticed that this energy cost of transport in horses, dogs and humans was proportional not to limb number but to body mass and concluded that, per unit body weight, small animals use more energy to run a given distance than do large animals, regardless of limb number (Zuntz, 1987).

History of Drama

History of Drama * Spanish Period 1. Tibag * â€Å"to excavate† * St. Helena’s search for the cross 2. Lagaylay – Pilarenos of Sorsogon get together during Maytime 3. Cenaculo – passion and death of Christ a. Cantada – chanted like pasion b. Hablada – rhythmic measure of words in a deliberate manner * Spanish Period 4. Panunuluyan – Mary & Joseph searching for refuge before Christ’s birth – presented before 12mn on Christmas eve 5. Salubong – during easter (Mary meets risen Christ) 6. Carillo (shadow play) – form of entertainment performed during a moonless night or a dark night after a harvest 7.Zarzuela – 1st Philippine drama. Musical comedy or melodrama. Has 3 acts of man’s passion & emotion (love, hate, revenge, cruelty, avarice or social/political problems) 8. Sainete – short musical comedy (18th century) – exaggerated comedies performed by characters from lower class family (indio) – theme: taken from everyday life scenarios * American Period 1. Severino Reyes – father of Tagalog drama – Walang Sugat 2. Aurelio Tolentino – a Kapampangan dramatist * Luhang Tagalog = masterpiece * Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas = resulted to his incarceration 3.Hermogenes Ilagan – from Central Luzon – he founded the group Campana Ilagan *Severino Reyes and Hermogenes Ilagan started the movement against the moro-moro (play against muslims) * Japanese Period * Characterized by stage shows because movie houses were closed *organization of Filipino players (Dramatic Filipinos) 1. Jose Ma. Hernandez – Panday Pira 2. Francisco Soc Rodrigo – Sa Pula sa Puti 3. Clodualdo del Mundo – Bulaga 4. Julian Cruz Balmaceda * Sino ba Kayo? * Dahil sa Anak * Higante ng Patay * Period of New Society (Modern) reviving old plays/dramas 1977 – Tales of Manuvu (new style of rock of the ballad opera) – Performed by Celeste L egaspi, Lea Navarro, Hadji Alejandro, Boy Canara, Anthony Castello & Rey Dizon – choreographed by Atic Reyes Sining Embayoka (CCP) – from Mindanao State University *Development of play 1. PETA (Philippine Educational Theater Association) – Cecille Guidote & Lino Brocka 2. Repertory Philippines – Rebecca Godines & Zenaida Amador 3. UP Repertory – Behn Cervantes 4. Teatro Filipino – Rolando Tinio

Ecology Organisms Differences

Ecology Organisms Differences The adaptation of living things to their environment is such that their features are only suitable for survival in their respective environments. Although organisms can tolerate a deviation of the environmental conditions form the optimum, severe and persistent alterations may lead to the deterioration of the organisms’ condition or even death.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ecology Organisms Differences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The terrestrial and aquatic environments present considerably different conditions for the existence of life. Although the aquatic and terrestrial microscopic organisms may not exhibit significant structural differences, plants and animals living in these environments have distinct and different characteristics that enable them to survive in their respective environments (Dejours, 1987). Plants feature a cuticle, which protects them from the external environmental conditions. Aquatic plants have a thin cuticle since they live in water and do not need to undertake water preservation. This is a feature of fresh water aquatic plants. In addition, the stomata, which are the respiratory openings for the plants, are in abundance on the upper side of the plant to facilitate rapid water loss to maintain osmotic balance. Water is a dense medium, and thus plants living in water have a weak shaft for supporting the foliage and the upperparts of the plant. Furthermore, the plants’ stem is relatively weaker and they tend to float in water. Aquatic plants are submerged either partially or wholly in water. Thus, water covers most of their surfaces and can be readily absorbed. Their roots are small, highly flexible, and adapted for absorbing oxygen rather than water. Aquatic plants may also feature wide leaves to enable them to float and enhance transpiration (Cavendish, 2001). On the other hand, terrestrial plants have a thick cuticle on their leaves for protect ion from excessive transpiration that could desiccate the plant’s cells. In addition, the plants’ stomata are few and are located on the bottom of the leaves away from direct sunlight and convection current. Air, the atmospheric medium in which terrestrial plants thrive, is much less dense compared to water. Thus, terrestrial plants need stronger stems and shafts for the support of the foliage and other upper parts of the plant. Terrestrial plants have rigid and highly developed roots that facilitate water absorption and anchorage. Terrestrial plants may have thin leaves or leaves of various shapes adapted to the environmental temperatures rather than a mechanism of support (Solomon, 2005).Advertising Looking for essay on ecology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More One of the major unique features of the aquatic animals is that their appendages have undergone differentiation into fins or webbed feet for mo vement in water. Their skin or outer covering is smooth and may consist of a mucus membrane to reduce friction during movement. Aquatic animals feature a thick subcutaneous fat deposit. This fat helps the animals to maintain a regular and constant body temperature in the relatively cold water. Most aquatic animals have transparent eyelid to protect against friction with water. Although some of aquatic animals have lungs for ventilation, most of the animals have gills for respiration or a combination of lungs and gills (Cavendish, 2001). On the other hand, terrestrial animals have limbs with separated digits for grasping or climbing. Furthermore, some flying animals have their limbs differentiated into wings for flight purposes. Most animals have their outer covering covered with fur or hair. This keeps the animal warm in the air and may serve to protect the skin. Most terrestrial animals have a thin subcutaneous fat layer, but have more muscles to aid their locomotion and elevation from the ground. Except for some reptiles such as snakes, most animals have thick and opaque eyelids to protect their eyes from solid objects and dryness. For terrestrial animals, lungs are the primary respiratory organs, and they are highly developed (Solomon, 2005). References Cavendish, M., B. b. (2001). Aquatic life of the world. New York: Benchmark books. Dejours, P. (1987). Comparative physiology: life in water and on land. Padova: Liviana. Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R., Martin, D. W. (2005). Biology (7th ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Thomson Learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ecology Organisms Differences specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More

Invention of Internet essays

Invention of Internet essays Throughout history, there are many inventions appeared in America. One of the big inventions is the internet. Since the computer invented, there aren ¡t so many ways people can do about the computer. Most of people didn ¡t even have one, only the big businesses and the military have them. The invention of the internet changed people ¡s point of view of using computers. Internet was created by an organization called ARPAnet, for the purpose of military use. It designed as a computer version of the nuclear bomb shelter, ARPanet protected the flow of information between military installations by creating a network of geographically separated computers that could exchange information through a protocol called NCP (Network Control Protocol). The idea came from Charles M. Herzfeld. He is the former director of ARPA, he says ARPAnet is not created only for military need, it also can be sharing information on researches for scientists, it came out only with limited number of large, powerful research computers in the country and that many research investigators who should have access where geographically separated from them. ARPA is stand for the Advanced Research Projects Agency. This is a branch of the military that develop top secret system and weapons during the cold war in America. The first connected the ARPAnet were the Four DEC PDP-10 computers. They were located in the respective computer research labs of UCLA, Stanford, UC Santa Barbara, and the University of Utah. The network expended, and different models of computer were connected, also they found problems of connecting them, because of different computer ¡s compatibilities are different. The solution was they changed a better set of protocols, which was called TCP/IP. In the year of 1971, an innovation occurred in ARPAnet, which is the email, or the electronic mail. This has the ability of sending messages to another person who has the network; this gave users m...

Creative Arts Therapy for the Terminally Ill and Bereaved essays

Creative Arts Therapy for the Terminally Ill and Bereaved essays According to The American Art Therapy Association, Art therapy is a mental health profession that uses the creative process of art making to improve and enhance the physical, mental and emotional well-being of individuals of all ages. Through creating art and reflecting on the art products and processes, people can increase awareness of self and others cope with symptoms, stress, and traumatic experiences; enhance cognitive abilities; and enjoy the life-affirming pleasures of making art (2012). Throughout history, the arts have been used as a form of self expression. Different forms of the arts have been used to bring people together in celebration on important occasions. Dying is an important time of transition for every human being and the arts have been used to ease the pain of loss and to help the dying make peace with their impending death (The Continuum Center for Health art originally developed as a means of expression of and relief from traumatic experiences. Art, song, dr ama and dance in primitive times were motivated by a need for catharsis and gaining control over threats to the community". Art therapy is a broad spectrum that provides a myriad of choices for the dying and the bereaved. The client is encouraged to explore his or her feelings through activities like drawing, music, guided visualization, painting, making of crafts and journal writing. For the dying, a feeling of detachment can set in when one is facing end of life issues. Red Deer Hospice posits that music therapy helps promote a patient's physical, mental, and spiritual well being. Music therapy is especially useful at the end of life when communications often break down and a sense of isolation sets in. Gentle environmental sounds like ocean waves, wind, rain, birds, and music from harps, flutes, or stringed instruments may provide a sense of peace (2012). ...

Pros And Cons Of Ebooks In Comparison With Hardcover Books Essay

Pros And Cons Of Ebooks In Comparison With Hardcover Books - Essay Example Rather than true ownership, a majority of eBook purchases are more or fewer leases that have very few residual rights. The only way a buyer can ensure that they get continuous access and be able to store the content in the eBook is to download the entire material to a local storage device where rights to the content are not presided over by digital rights management (DRM) systems (Walters 85-95). The content of the e Boom is transferred from a hosted service on the World Wide Web, for instance from a cloud hosting service. The ‘buyer’ lacks control over the content, as Google Books attest; Google will stop serving the eBook content to the ‘buyer’ in the event that it (Google) loses the right to give the buyer any Digital content. While buying an eBook from an online repository, one is likely to encounter terms and conditions that read something akin to ‘you have limited, non-exclusive, personal, and revocable non-transferrable and not-assignable rights or license to use, view, and/ or play a single material copy or download a single copy on a single computer for non-commercial personal home use. Both institutions and individuals get statements of revocable rights to use material that they have ostensibly purchased and paid money for. The content publisher retains the right to change the terms of the sale at any time! It is akin to buying an operating system in which the vendor retains the right to change the sale terms at any time and the user has non-exclusive rights to use software they have paid for. Some publishers further add that they can withdraw their titles from resellers and vendors, including librarians if specific terms are flouted or not met. Mind you, these titles have already been sold to the respective vendors or librarians (Walters 85-95). Publishers also retain rights to change the contents of the eBook without any prior notice, a  concept that destroys the normal concept of selling a physical book.

The Magna Carta Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Magna Carta - Essay Example Historical records stated that King John considered these rights granted to the nobility are done under duress (National Archives and Records Administration, 2012, p. 1). Until these days, the Magna remained significant for human rights advocacies and for its defenders because this was the first document which challenged the monarchical power of the King and systemically becomes the legal foundation against feudal relations -- that ‘no man should be above the law (National Archives and Records Administration, 2012, p. 1).’ The document expressly stated, "No free man shall be seized or imprisoned, or stripped of his rights or possessions, or outlawed or exiled except by the lawful judgment of his equals or by the law of the land (National Archives and Records Administration, 2012, p. 1)." The Magna Carta has therefore dismantled the king’s feudal control over lands in England and its professed power of such elitist rule of the hierarchy where barons directly report to the King in the performance of their responsibilities (National Archives and Records Administration, 2012, p. 1). ... 1; Walenta, 2010, p. 1). At the utmost, these principles are embed in universal declaration of human rights and in the Constitution of United States of America. Mulligan (2004) opined that the Magna Carta also ushered positive reform in legislation of laws and paved for the restoration of legal and political institutions after that tragic period of civil strife and social degeneration brought by social inequities and tyrannical control (pp. 41-65). This was affirmed by King Henry I and those subsequent rulers. Expert scholars considered the document as the best enduring legacy to humankind because those principles strengthened the institutionalization of universal concepts of legal doctrines on judicial procedures that aided in the protection and promotion of civil rights. Franklin D. Roosevelt has succinctly expressed in his 1941 inaugural address when he stated that the Magna Carta is the written document that integrated the democratic aspiration in human history (National Archives and Records Administration, 2012, p. 1). When the Declaration of Independence was sealed and signed as the American Charters of Freedom in 1776, the great Fathers recognized the Magna Carta as the historical context in asserting their liberty from King George III and the English parliament (National Archives and Records Administration, 2012, p. 1). They honoured that meeting of 40 barons and King John 561 years earlier at Runnymede, now home of the Windsor Castle, where barons finally considered themselves as freemen and later became an inspiration for Americans. They have likewise earned the reconfirmation of Henry I’s Coronation Oath and hence limited the King’s access to resources and funds. At that time, this charter was only